The obstacles and opportunities faced by either South Africa Essay Example for Free

The obstacles and opportunities go ab come on by either South Africa EssayWhat argon the obstacles and opportunities faced by either South Africa or Mozambique in their attempts to improve economic and political development? foundingIn this essay I will attempt to look at the obstacles and opportunities faced by Mozambique in their attempts to improve economic and political development. I will look at the reasons why Portugal found it dense to decolonise her possessions because she could non neocolonise them. I will look at how Mozambiques problems were exacerbated by gracious aid programmes and the conflicts mingled with itself and new(prenominal) African countries. Mozambique advantages and disadvantagesMozambique is situated at the South Eastern side of Africa. It is the ne argonst port for Malawi, Zimbabwe and the Yankee part of South Africa. It has some crucial resources geographically which let on it an advantage over other African states. It is similarly strategic ally important as it provides easy access to other countries. It is roughly three propagation the size of England.One of the biggest disadvantages that Mozambique has is that there is no navy or air force to protect its coastal waters that are open to exploitation and capitalisation as there is no marketing ascertain.The nonwithstanding if way that this exploitation and capitalisation can be controlled is by the development of a better cornerstone of rail and roads. This is senior high schoolly unlikely to be achieved due to the pretermit of cooperation between the regions. at that place are no coastal protection vessels and also no ways of collecting excise duties. These would be necessary to tolerate the maximisation of export quantity and therefore allow the country to capitalise, which would give it macro economic stability.political economy and conflictHistorically Mozambiques trade was heavily influenced by Islamic and Arab traders. The main exports were gold and slav es. Until the 1930s approximately of its pipe guide was controlled by heavy(p) Lusitanian organisations, this only changed after the coup in 1926, which brought an end to these companies. forward this coup the pan Lusitanian community were based on Lisbon and its governmental control and policies. The governance led to fascist policies and principles. Plantations were developed moreover were only maintainable by means of forced weary. This forced labour meant that demand increased and there need to be an increase in the forced labour, creating a never-ending circle and demand for more counterfeiters.In the Post War boom commodity prices increased dramatically and led to a further demand from the whites for better services etc. There was an increase in tensions from neo traditionalists, which was exacerbated in the cold war of the 1960s, with military intervention. There were no compromises from Portuguese as Portugal could not decolonise as it could not neocolonise. Along side the military intervention was an increasing demand for independence.In June 1962 3 exiled groups, Manu, Idenamo and Unami under the allegiance of Julius Nyerere form a front for the liberation of Mozambique called the Frelimo. This was a unified coalition of natural opposition to Portuguese rule. In 1964 they crossed the river and started an armed conflict against Portugal and its rule. South African support is habituated done Rhenamo, and the Rhodesians also react against the conflict. The result of the conflict meant that Portugal was overthrown when they retreat in 1974. Frelimo holds traditional government until 25/6/1975 when independence is declared.It is around this time that the Mozambique support for Rhodesia escalates and the civil war starts. What they want to achieve are military buffer zones were they can use for training grounds in order to train their soldiers. Frelimos red Leninist beliefs that everything should be controlled through a central government is one of the main issues.By the 1990s Mozambique is about bankrupt and there follows in 1992 democratic elections. Tensions pipe down exist between battalion on the sexual circles of individual parties the old guard are refuting the intervention of the Inter field Monetary parentage as it would give them no option but to embrace European international practices. Poor education and a lack of a civil service only compound the problem.There is a wholesale exodus of the Portuguese nationals. There is surprisingly a relatively civil relationship between Frelimo and Renamo which advance its to an acknowledgement of averageness in the voting process, not skewing the vote in favour of one or another. This was the political starting acme to the acquisition, marketisation and capitalisation of untold riches for the Mozambique people.MOZAMBIQUE TODAYFollowing the conflicts that I stand discussed above, the state of Mozambiques economy is heretofore very poor. Its position in the int ernational economy is 168th out of 174. Its annual growth rate is averaging out at about 14% but the benefits are very slow in trickling down to the people. There is a need for public arena reform and good governance to improve this. Variations in national markets cannot be controlled by the producers, and revenue collection remains a problem. Much of the revenue collected is in the urban areas but only benefits the elite in the city. Military spending has reduced dramatically, and the first usage of governance has to be defence in order to protect a country.The International Monetary Fund instructed Mozambique to sell off its Para -state industries, and it now relies heavily on foreign aid to survive. The debt level is high although most countries have cut it to 25%, with Britain completely wiping out their portion. Underdevelopment has favoured the middle class bourgeoisie, opening up the markets to allow for borrowing and frankincense creating some financial stability.There has been a reduction in tariffs and ostentatiousness has dropped from 71% 9% allowing for the redistribution of wealth. The downside to this is that it produces unemployment, putting more people back into the trap of want, and smuggling is rife as people estimate it as the only way to survive. One may ask does the medicine recruit the patient or help to kill it? People have very little escape from poverty in these areas as there is no infrastructure and any journeys must be made on foot. Even a trip to the doctor, something that is taken for granted in western civilised societies could mean a walk of about 45 kilometres, if you didnt die on the way.The very aid that was supposed to help the people to improve their lives often made them worse. As Tordoff tells us these were grandiose, overcapitalised agricultural schemes that carried very few benefits for the peasant farmer, thus still being resultant in the food shortage and hunger. The projects often also caused environmental da mage. The debt was only increased by this because of the money being misspent on unsuccessful programs, and the loss of export income. The inability to get wages led to further poverty and strife in the urban communities.The main priorities in Mozambique are ones of sanitation, clean water, and vaccination. This has been shown to work in other countries like Kenya. There is lots of power over business from multinational organisations such as Mitsubishi and Enron. The question one needs to ask is who is it that benefits? Is it the people of the country or the business men in the city? What is the motivation behind people and countries who offer aid? Is it honorable another opportunity to exploit and profit from the rich natural resources that the country has to offer?ConclusionMozambique is still relatively poor as a country in economic terms, although it is rich in others such as copious fishing waters that are underused in the global markets due to poor infrastructure. Mozambiqu e was lead by the Portuguese government who were ill furnished to compete adequately on an international and global level. When globalisation took off in other African states, Mozambique was left behind, and never had an industrial revolution. This meant that although there was dope of opportunity to further develop the country and equip it with the ability to trade on global levels, other capitalist states and markets were far more advanced, with a good infrastructure that opened them up to the markets.The people of Mozambique were ailing educated, many of them illiterate, and because of this they were exploited by other nations. Many of the countries inhabitants are rough peasants and this exploitation led to a fascist dictatorship. They did not have the opportunities like other countries such as Ghana under the lead of Nkrumah. Places like this could colonise as the leaders had skewed their colonies and economies and bequeathed more education to its inhabitants. Mozambique wa s never going to be able to match the massive trading powers of France and Britain, as Portugal had never prepared it to do so.Portugal had exploited it but not developed it. The idea behind neocolonisation was to allow maintenance of economic control but allowing it no input. There were no representatives around the table to help with the management of decolonisation. The only way that Portugal could decolonise Mozambique was through a bloody battle, often in a very vicious manner. The advancing system of France meant also meant that their military were stretched to the limits in trying to protect its country, but stood no chance and were often abandoned, as happened in the civil war. Prior to all this all decisions about the country had gone through the president in Paris, who operated in a Masonic way.Post-modern ideas of independence for Mozambique were hindered by the failure of the Westminster model of government, due to incompatibilities and ill equipped governments. There we re often visible aspects of leaders becoming economy holders of the empire of entrepreneurship.Mozambiques problems were confounded and exacerbated by the civil aid programmes that supposedly came to help them. The growth centred approach to poverty only compounded this further. Targeted intervention was of no use as the poverty was so widespread. The average wage was well below the poverty line and there was an even harder exertion for the women to secure rewards that were commensurate with their contributions to the independence struggle.They were often given the opportunity to go to the markets with their produce but were then taxed heavily, and losing out on any sort of profit they may have made, basically a form of legalised extortion. Problems with landmines meant that the land was very dangerous to work on, with a high danger of injury or death. These also helped to slow down economic redevelopment. Many of us will think back the campaigns that were led by Princess Diana sh owing the terrible injuries that people had suffered through landmines detonating as they worked. There was a confession for international aid to be brought in to unsnarl away the landmines and to give the people a fair chance to improve themselves and their towns.By implementing harsh and complicated economic pressures on its people, this is difficult enough in a wealthy modern state, the picture is even worse when we talk about African countries. The problems with a rapidly collapsing infrastructure, or as in the case of Mozambique, a non existent infrastructure, alongside its entrenched parastatal sphere of influence hostile to any change, which may threaten its interests, the problems not only escalate but become absolutely formidable. In addition to this, the private sector becomes a strange amalgamation of disparate unrelated components. It consists of large multinationals, medium local sized organisations usually run by Asians, and a huge informal sector that largely comp rises of peasant farmers. This means that the private sector is unbalanced and isolated to some extent.Considering all these points it is clear that there should be no rush for the imposition of multi party democracies and an unfettered market economy, even if it was assertable to do so for Mozambique. Surely any change should be done gradually, with long term strategies that work alongside and slowly change the present systems.To sum up, arguments for structural adaptation policies of the International Monetary Fund, and tardily on an increasing level in the World Bank, only focus on the microeconomic structures, and not the macroeconomic structures of all African countries including Mozambique. One must recognise the role played by respite in the West, due to declining terms of trade for primary products and the oil crisises.Those who believe in structural adjustment believe that the majority of african states share a common state corporatism that is economically corrosive and unproductive. before the motivation behind these programmes was to liberalise trade, reduce the role of government and parastate industries in the economy, and to end dissimilar subsidies to various sections of the population. It was believed that this would end the balance of payment crises and therefore promote economic growth. By the early 1990s it had been shown that this was not actually the case and that constitution based lending had not acheived the intended goals.A new policy was now required to correct this, and the International Monetary Fund now decided that they needed to create a series of rational law based societies throughout sub-Saharan africa. This policy would need to make it clear that investment decisions were to be made on economic grounds, rather than on politically prompt grounds. This plainly put any emphasis of blame, due to previous policy failure, about the economic crisis in Mozambique and esoecially in Mozambique, was laregely a creation of the in dividual african states themselves. This removed any liability and responsibility on the west, protecting its own interests again.If there is no benefit to themselves there is a reluctance to become come to in the countries problems. The retention of these types of attitudes mean that Mozambiques problems are unlikely to see any significant change in the near future. There will be change but only very slowly as discussed earlier. In my beleif I think the Mozambique people have always been given a rough deal, and cannot see that it will change quickly, as the people who hold the power and capability to enforce change are fearful that they may lose some independance, i.e. the middle class bourguoise.The fear of a lack of control for those in the city, means that the poorer members of society are repressed continually, and because they do not have the capability or knowledge to do something about it, it is unlikely that it will change. I agree that the support given through internatio nal aid is necessary, but it should be helping the peasant farmers and the poorer members of society, not just the big boys in the city. This only extenuates the gap between the haves and have nots.BibliographyTordoff W. Government and regime in Africa.(3rd ed) 1997. Macmillan press. LondonClapham.C.Third World politics an introduction. 1985. Croom Helm. LondonChabal. P.Political Domination in Africa.Reflections on the limits of power. 1986. Canbridge University Press. LondonCammack P. Capitalism and democracy in the Third .World. 1997. Leicester University Press. Leicester..McLean. I. neat dictionary of politics. 1996. Oxford University Press. Oxford.Webliographywww.homeoffice.gov.ukwww.wto.orgwww.wtowatch.orgwww.worldbank.org/research/bulletinwww.dfid.gov.uk