Medea’s revenge Essay

Is Medea doing her children a kindness as they are going to be banished and kicked ot anywayMedeas revenge ultimately makes her far viceier than JasonTraditional interview vs modern audienceEmotion love obligation lifeJustification does not tolerable rightResponsibility guilt1. MEDEA2. JASON3. COMPARISONIn Euripidies play, Medea, Although both Medea and Jason connected wrongs, Medeas acts of revenge ultimately make her more guilty than Jason. Medea, in a desperate act for justice, acted out in many executes, cleansing the ones closest to her. Jason, blinded by his desire for power, left Medea, leading to the serial publication of events that followed. There is a evident difference in audience opinion, the conventional audience would have seen Medea far guiltier, whereas the modern audience could see guilt in both of them. From the beginning of the play we are made reform of Medeas violent nature. We are informed of the murder of her brother, and the nurse foreshadows the mur der of Medeas children.The nurse states, I am afraid some dread purpose is forming in her mind no one who makes an enemy of her pass on carry off an easy victory. This is definitely fulfilled end-to-end the course of the play. Firstly, Medea convinces the daughters of Pelias to murder their own father. Once left devastated and alone, Medeas beside point of revenge was to ruin the life of Jason. She devised a plan in which she wished to murder Glauce, followed by the death of her own sons. She values justice all over crime, which is evident when she says, Yes, I can endure guilt, however horrible The laugh of my enemies I will not endure.Jasons actions were not as macabre as Medeas.

A Discussion of Control Infection in Healthcare

groundwork hold transmittals switch become much(prenominal) high profile than of all fourth dimension onwards and switch seen the legal profession and see during the early years of the twenty- maiden century. transmission is in reservelable and inevitably devastating, it is a painful fact of life, which is the ca usance of colossal wellness problems and the chief ca character of ending. contagious disease encounter is essential in all general c ar settings in which endurings receive health and cordial c be and this testament protect the health maintenance workers, affected roles and visitor from hazards and encounters.This inquiry concent charge per units preponderantly on transmission system control in healthc be settings, including the policy of transmittal pr as yettion related to health and safety policy in the UK for both infirmarys and communities under Hygiene enter of Practice in 2006 and the policies and procedures by dint of the saloon and co ntrol, which atomic make sense 18 related to the guidance of transmittal under the health and brotherly C atomic number 18 bet 2008, in install minimise the preponderance of transmission and to protect the health and safety of both health cargon workers and patient (Department of Health, 2006).In addition, this inquiry contains several(prenominal) issues of risk of spreading contagions in health palm environment and the facilities. Moreover, this seek bequeath not disclose or breach any raw and confidential information under the Confidentiality come 2008 (NMC, 2008). Searching the literature A methodical search was conducted using the chase systematic which is applicable to the entropybases, including Medline, CINAHL and PubMed which were searched by using the words control transmission cross-referenced with infirmary with 36,000 data impressions.In addition, several databases were procedure to compare the changes of ratio from 2002 to 2012. However, several res ults were not included ascribable to pretermit of turn prohibited and being non-published. In addition, the university library website was utilize in revisal to collect adequate information related to infection by setting on engine the words infection control cross-referenced statistic, which gives the hits of 1300 journals and search articles. The articles were considered eligible if reviewed by a reliable publisher, including Oxford journal and BJI. These journals and look for articles were account as an original look for, in hich a researcher examined the relationship mingled with the commonplace and the health treat setting and these used to review the front propound to collect the updated data. However, to a greater extent than 50 data were excluded referable to short- staffed evidence and insufficiency of information related to infection control. Moreover, the majority research was conducted under eligible originations where successfully collected all the re levant data which related to infection control, including Parliamentary, Department of Health, Health shield Agency and study examine Office.These organisations were used to identify and review the implication between the statistics of infection and health postrs, such as the infection control professionals. These databases were developed to measure the protocols for classification and identification of infection prevalence, which have been wide adopted for researchers end-to-end the world. In addition, this research used altered books to provide information and evidence in collection to support the data that have been condensen from different publisher.The proud Marsden infirmary Manual Clinical treat Procedures (2011) and transmission Prevention Control (2007), books contained information regarding the principles of infection control. Main Body Florence Nightingale is perhaps the first nurse on record to acknowledge the sizeableness of infection control and she initiat ed the infection control protocols done gathering information and demonst ranges the reduction of death graze of infection (Perry 2007). Florence Nightingale noted that during the Crimean War much patients were dying from infections than from current injuries.However, Quan (2006) express that, Florence Nightingale did not believe in the presence of microorganism, she name that putting together an ill patient in one heavens with little space, ventilation and light contri merelyed to the spread of infections. Dougherty & Lister (2011) highlighted that, people who are in hospital or receiving health care elsewhere have an increase vulnerability to infection, due to the fact that being in a hospital puts patients in closer proximity to other people with infection conditions. fit in to the Kings Fund (2012), stated that one of the major concerns of patients and the public are he result of high poses of health care-associated infections across the NHS. In addition, healthcare- associated infections are infections that are acquired across hospital and other health care environment, including community and hospital, or due to result of a health care intervention and procedure. gibe to the Department of Health (2004), it stated that healthcare Associated transmittance (HCAI) is a terminal problem of NHS There are 300,000 patients every year ontogeny HAIs and it is estimated that during a patients duration stay in the UK hospital, around 1 in 10 patients can pick up an infection.The content size up Of? ce (2006) estimates that HAIs contributes to the death of around 5,000 patients each year and costs the NHS up to ? 1 billion per year in the UK. According to the Parliament (2009), it highlights that HAIs, is a consequence of infections, which are acquired from a patients treatment by a healthcare worker during the course of their duties. These are often place in care setting, but can also be associated with medical exam care delivered in a community. HAIs begins from micro-organisms which a patient carries safely on skin or body and eventually this will become a problem when the micro-organisms have a prospect to breech the bodys defences as a result, for example, intravenous devices, catheterisation and open wound (Dougherty & Lister, 2011). Furthermore, the Department of Health (2004), has lay down that infected patients are around 7 multiplication more likely to scare off in hospital than uninfected patients.The mortality station of patients in the UK each year is estimated to be around 5, 000 as a direct result of HAIs, which is one of the causes of another 15,000 deaths. Parliament (2011) the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections, which was conducted in 2006 in hospitals in England 8. 2% Moreover, harmonize to Doebbeling et al (2012) who conducted a research to identify comm completely cited political platforms absorbed throughout a wide sorting of HAIs projects and hospital settings it has been revealed tha t in one year of tudies entrap in hospitals with an infection control police squad up were more likely to reduced the incidence of HAIs by up to 33%. This research proved by Gamage et al (2012) through conducting further studies in all healthcare providers with infection control team in hospital, which eventually reported al closely half per cent in the reduction of the prevalence rate of HAIs from 10. 5% to 5. 6%. However, the survey has revealed arrange that healthcare provider with no infection control programme has been persistently increase the prevalence rate in HAIs of up to 18%.On the contrary, the nursing and Midwifery Councils enter of Professional Conduct (2002) argues that nurses are answerability to act as an advocate to prevent HAIs. This statement supported by the NMC scratch of Professional and Conduct (2004), highlighted that, nurses essential act in order to isolate and minimise risk of patients and it should not regularly defendable to infection control te am, which also built by the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 places a duty on healthcare providers to suspend the risk of infections if technically as possible (Jeanes, 2005).Dougherty & Lister (2004) stressed that, the normal of care, which set by senior staff often misled by healthcare workers, including the policy and procedure of infection control, such the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations Act 1992 (PPE). This is supported by Atkins (2001), that some of the staff did not have sufficiency time to attend mandatory training for infection control, which shows negative meeting of unawareness for infection control protocols and procedures, which eventually cause of poor take aim of care, such as lack of hygienics, which lead to HAIs.However, Perry (2007) argued that lack of standard of care is often not the cause of HAIs, due to the fact, that before the admission of to the highest degree patients to hospital have already been acquired infections. This statement suppo rted by NHS (2006), before patients decided to be admitted to hospital, the symptoms of infection have already occurred and in this circumstance the health care provider should not be criticised for the increase numerate of HAIs. According to the report of subject area Audit Office (2008), in that respect are 79% of nfection control programme in NHS Trust, which mostly complied to the measurement of effectivity of infection control, such as standards setting and audit. However, save 11% was officially approved for the infection control programme that whitethorn reduce the programmes authority within several NHS Trusts. In addition, stated, 66 % is the requisite data of infection that needs to be collected, unfortunately, due to lack of reckoner software and hardware, only 27% was calculated the judge of infection.In this case, 60% of infection control teams considered being unsatisfied with the support of NHS Trust due to inadequate clerical support, which may affect the exertion in improving infection control (National Audit Office, 2011). In addition, Kings Fund (2012), the tinct of large-scale cuts to the NHS has been widely reported and discussed in which the healthcare providers are concerned with the increasing incidence of HAIs in the UK.According to a latest survey for GPs and doctors in hospital, which was conducted in 2011, the report form that due to large-scale cuts by the government, the incidence of HAIs will be perchance increase in 2012 and it can have negative impact on healthcare providers . The survey found that, 79% of the 664 health workers, who participated in the survey, stated that it could be more challenging to tackle the prevalence of HAIs, due to a reduction of support of occupational health services and this eventually affects fewer patients getting effective care that is needed to prevent HAIs (National Audit Office, 2011).According to the Health security system Agency (2008), highlighted that the department of comm ission in 2006 conducted the following year survey and found that 75, 694 patients were surveyed within acute care hospitals in the UK and 5,743 had HAIs, which gives a prevalence rate of 7. 95%. However, in the national survey, which was conducted in 2005, the reports found that the prevalence rate of HAIs was 8%, the statement shows that the prevalence rate of HAIs in 2005 was slightly higher with 0. % compared to 2006 survey (Health Protection Agency, 2005). Ultimately, Parliament (2006) found that the most common site of HAIs were Urinary leaflet infections with 23. 2%, set about respiratory piece of land infections with 22. 9% Surgical site infections 10. 7% blood stream infections (Bacteraemia) 6. 2% Skin and soft tissue infections 9. 6% Other 27. 4%. It clearly shows in the report by Parliament 2006, that the highest rate of HAIs was urinary tract infections with up to 23. %. This report supported by National Healthcare Safety Network (2011) states that urinary tract infe ction (UTIs) are the most common factor of HAIs and most patients who have acquired urinary tract infection in the hospital somewhat 75% are united with urinary catheter, which is a tube inserted into a bladder through the urethra to drain the urine. The prevalence rate of patients who receive urinary catheters during the duration of stay in hospital is between 15-25%.Charlett et. al. (2009) stated that, semipermanent catheterisation is frequently used for aged(a) patient and others for management options, where different treatments for bladder dys utilization are unsuitable or ineffective . In the UK, a order nurses caseload for the long-term catheterisation has been estimated to be around 4% and the catheterised patients prevalence in nursing homes is approximately 9% and possibly up to 40% in some areas (Health Protection Agency,2008),Moreover, Getliffe and Newton (2006) carried a sample of research of small representatives of patients records from nursing homes, hospitals an d rule nurses in which 3 PCTs was undertaken. The survey of CAUTIs resulted in 50% response rate from both the nursing homes and the hospitals 57% and 62. 5 respectively but only 6. 5% from the district nurses, due to problems in distribution of questionnaires to some district nurses. The results found that up to 8. % respondents in the community and hospitals considered that the continuation of urinary catheterisation is used management option for older patient to prevent bladder dysfunction. On the contrary, a recent research which was carried out Badoz et al (2007) found that the studies of 4010 older patients (65 years old) spirit in both hospitals and the community in 11 European countries and the prevalence reported of indwelling catheter use was 5. % (range 0-23%) and the result found that, the risk of CAUTIs infections was 6. 5 times great and catheterised patients were more likely to die within a year than those for patients non-catheterised Furthermore, the majority of alive surveillance on CAUTIs has been conducted in acute care settings, where usually the health of the patient is already compromised by co-morbidities, due to a long period of insertion of the urinary catheter.The study revealed that in radical and community care setting, the prevalence rate of CAUTIs and other healthcare-associated infections are significantly subvert (Department of Health, 2003). However, Badoz et al (2007) specified that, catheterisation is linked with evident risks, which is the most common cause of CAUTIs and CAUTIs are commonly authenticated as a major source of HAIs in the UK and frequency of catheter use makes substantial overall morbidity for patients and a cost to the NHS.This statement is reinforced by Pellowe (2009), that the recent debate is fuelled due to the fact that patient use catheter is associated with high morbidity of CAUTIs, which accounts for 80% of HAIs. On the other run, Addison and Foxley (2008) stated that, CAUTIs are frequently see n as the acceptable and tolerable cause of urinary catheterisation carried out for a range of purposes, such as instillation of drugs and intractable incontinence. On the contrary, urinary catheter use is linked with a variety of adverse effects, involving death (Pellowe, 2009).This supported by Nicolle (2008) stated that, the two most important solutions in order to prevent CAUTIs are not to use a catheter and if a catheter is needed to minimise the period of use, catheter moldiness(prenominal) be inserted only when there are acceptable symptoms and removed as soon as they are no longer indicated and CAUTIs perchance evaded for some male patient through using external condom catheter. The study revealed that this occurred for 28% of catheterised patients.Furthermore, the majority of existing surveillance was conducted in primary and community care settings the prevalence rate of CAUTIs is significantly lower (Department of Health, 2003. In recent studies of 4010 older patients (65 years old) living in the community, the prevalence reported of indwelling catheter use was 5. 4% (range 0-23%) and the result found that, the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections was 6. 5 times greater and catheterised patients were more likely to die within a year than those for patients with non-catheterised (Getliffe & Newton, 2006).On the contrary, according to the RCN (2008) found that around 22% of healthcare workers were not aware and enigmatical the role of guidelines for the prevention of CAUTIs of several healthcare providers. This is supported by Pellowe (2009) that, the reasons of an increasing prevalence of CAUTIs in hospital and community is due to relatives of patient that is lack of knowledge about infections and those part-time health workers who do not undertake with mandatory training which is mandated by the Health and Social Care Act 2008 that is came into force in April 2009.The Health Protection Scotland (2009) urinary catheterisation is a o ffice procedure regularly carried out by qualified nurses, however, several be of health workers are not aware of the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections which related to the procedure and less likely to meet the necessities in execute catheterisation, due to the fact, that some healthcare workers are skill deficiency and lack of expertise (Bissett, 2005).This supported by Humphries (2011) that reports have repeatedly shown that several healthcare workers who do not perform clear hygienics before and later on performing nursing task is one of the major reasons of the increasing number of CAUTIs. In this case, health workers and patients can leave as many as 1,000 colony-forming units of Klebsiella species on men more likely to acquire gram-negative bacilli and staphylococcous aureus, which are reported causes of HAIs (Pellowe, 2004).On the contrary, Hadaway (2009) stated that, lifting a patient and touching anything in a patients room before performing certain nurses tasks, even by and by performing lead hygienics is unavoidable, due to the fact, that these are the day by day routines of a healthcare workers role in order to ensure the health and safety of a patient. National present Hygiene NHS Campaign (2007), defines upset hygiene, as the entrance door to better infection control and safer patient care.Hand hygiene techniques have been implemented for many years into healthcare workers daily routine, the NHS have been evaluated on the proper technique to wash custody after being in close contact with patients or after performing certain treatments with patients. Performing hand hygiene thoroughly will surely be beneficial for both healthcare workers and patients to prevent risk in HAIs (Wendt, 2004).According to Pratt et al, (2007), stated that, existing evidence-based strategies determine that in outbreak settings, dirty hands of both healthcare workers and patients visitors are amenable for transmitting infections and that effective hand de defilement can significantly diminish HAIs rates in high-risk areas, such as operating theatre. Furthermore, Pessoa & Silva (2004) highlighted that studies revealed of epidemiological evidence determine that hand-mediated transmission is recognised as the most alter element the present infection risks to hospital in-patients.This statement reinforced by Pratt et al, (2007), that hand de contaminant before and after contact with patients is essential in order to prevent transmission of germs. In addition, according to the Department of Health (2006), the NHS Code of Practice on the Prevention and Control of Healthcare Associated Infection, which came into force in October 2006, was established to support health care providers in the UK in order to plan and implement policies for HAIs.These include the criteria by which healthcare providers and managers of NHS ensure patients must perform hand hygiene for clean environment in order to keep the risk of HAIs as low a s possible. According to Pittet (2002), the importance of adherence to the guidance of hand hygiene will certainly provide an outline of the effects and aspects that impact on the hand hygiene compliance, which exclamatory the national and international guidelines.Furthermore, the issue regarding hand hygiene was addressed in excellence principles for hospital cleanliness, which has developed by the Infection Control Nurses standoff and the Association of Domestic Mangers (NHS, 2004). According to Wendt, C. et al (2004) stated that patients are more likely to put at risk and increase the chance for developing HAIs once informal healthcare workers in contact with patient are not performing hand hygiene properly.It is essential that hands must be decontaminated before every period of care, which includes direct inter natural process with patients feed or skin and in order to minimize cross contamination of the healthcare environment (Boyce and Pittet, 2002). However, healthcare wor kers should not always be responsible for the increasing numbers in spreading HAIs, due to the number of patients admitted in the hospital who have already acquired infections and healthcare workers have no time to assess the patient, due to short staffing (McGuckin, 2004).This is supported by the RCN, Chief administrator & General Secretary Dr Peter Carter, stated that the outcome of cutting staff numbers by up to a quarter and terminating almost trey of nursing jobs will certainly have a deep and possibly dangerous impact on patient health and safety (RCN, 2011). Moreover, El-Masri and Oldfield (2012) stated that healthcare workers are aware of the policy and procedure of hand hygiene and it should be performed before and after contact with patients and the truth of the matter, is nurses and doctors have more doings problem than a knowledge problem.Furthermore, Erasmus et al (2010) conducted a research of hand hygiene behaviour to explore the practicality and effects of hand h ygiene behaviour of nurses, research design 17 nurses which is equivalent to 25% were invited to participate. The nurses had been discovered for 3 weeks intervention for hand hygiene behaviour and the result found only 10% of 25% of nurses had performed hand hygiene, which is far too low.This research supported by Creedon (2008) explores healthcare workers compliance with behaviour hand hygiene in four acute care hospitals in Ireland and the result revealed that the highest non-compliance by behaviour is the Doctors and medical students at 41% of indications, which was followed by nurses and student nurses at 28%. However, healthcare workers are aware of recommendations concerning hand hygiene, but raising and knowledge do not in themselves motivate HHB (McGuckin et al, 2004).In recent years, hand washing with water and soap had been considered as the right amount of own(prenominal) hygiene however, the evidence concerning the hand washing and the spread of illness has only been proven in the last 20years (Kumperus, 2010). According to Ignaz Semmelweis and Oliver Wendell Holmes the mid-1800s, found that HAIs, is known to be caused by infectious agents, which are transmitted through hands (Cole, 2007).It was admit healthcare providers the important measure of hand hygiene, which can significantly lower the danger of disease, in particular among vulnerable children in the UK (Trick, 2008). On the contrary, frequency hand hygiene can increase skin dehydration and supercede the altered or depleted skin lipids that contribute to the barrier function of normal skin Several studies found that more than 30 times of regular hand hygiene can cause skin scathe and irritation (Jenner et al, 2006).Moreover, according to Giuliano et al (2012) stated that alcohol gel hand rubs are more effective to prevent the transmission of potential pathogens from health workers hands to patients than hand washing with plain or anti-microbial soap. This statement argued by McGuckin e t al (2004) that hand rubs gel is only used as a hand cleaner in some dowery but washing hand with ati-microbial soap and water is important, especially if your hands are visibly contaminated with blood or body fluids and hand washing techniques will certainly have certainly reduced the contamination rates significantly.Conclusion Healthcare-associated infection remains a problem for the community, hospitals and other healthcare providers. The factors, which have continue to drive, the concerning growth in HAIs are numerous but well known. Particularly with patients, which heightens their susceptibility and vulnerability to HCAIs through weakened immunity. In addition, the cost of healthcare-associated infections in the UK is high which is around ? 1 billion per year.The stake of healthcare workers in assessing the cost of infection and prevention control programmes will certainly reduce the increasing number of HCAs, which can be benefited in NHS and major savings can be achieved . In addition, the healthcare workers must have clear understanding of the latest infection and prevention control recommendations, which healthcare workers advocacy and participation in team efforts can play a vigorous role in preventing the increasing number of HCAIs in patients.The routine data collection of the CAUTIs should be more standardised to determine the scale of the risk associated with CAUTIs, in oder to develop the longitudinal database of catheterised patients and to provide essential data which infection control initiatives in hospital and community care can be evaluated and major obstacles will certainly strengthen epidemiological analysis of impact and risk of CAUTIs. The healthcare workers should have adhered to and shown more positive intentions to comply with hand hygiene guidelines and procedures.Healthcare workers should need to be educated regarding the awareness of skin damage and the value of regular, frequent use of hand hygiene. Hospital trusts and commu nity care should have had procedures and delivered board with system that infection and prevention control is the responsibility of all healthcare workers and should have complied with the Code of Practice and should followed with good infection control example for performance objectives. References Addison, R. , Foxley, S. , 2008. Role in Urinary Catheter Management. London Blackwell publish ltd. Atkins, C. , Greenwood, N. Habibi, R. , Mackenzie, A. , 2011. General practitioners, primary care and support for carers in England. Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd Badoz M. , Berntrand X. , Crouzet, J. , Husson, D. ,2007 Control of the duration of urinary catheterization impact on catheter-associated urinary tract infection, ledger of Hospital Infection, 67(3), pp. 253-275. Bissett, L. , 2005. trim back the risk of catheter urinary tract infection. care for Times. 22 March 101(12) p. 64 Boyce. M. , Pittet, D. , 2002. Research The impact of wearing gloves on adherence to hand hygienc e policy. Nursing Times, 103(38), pp 4648.Charlett, A. , Pearson, A. , Wilson J. , 2009 Pitfalls in the comparison of the country prevalence of healthcare-associated infections. Hospital Infection Journal, 13 January, 69 (3) pp. 23-48 Creedon, A. , 2008. Hand hygiene compliance exploring variations in practice between hospitals. Nursing Times, 104(49), pp. 3235. Cole, M. , 2007. Nurses take a pragmatic advent to hand hygiene. Nursing Times. 103(3), pp. 32-33. Department of Health, 2003. Surveillance of Healthcare-Associated Infections. online operational at Accessed 30 April 2012. Department of Health, 2004.Audit tools for monitoring infection control standards 2004. online usable at Accessed on 14 March 2012 Department of Health, 2006. Infection Control Nurses Association. online Available athttp//www. dh. gov. uk/en/statistics/Policy Accessed on 14 March 2012. Doebbeling, B. , Flanagan, M. , Hoke, S. , Welsh, C. , 2012. Reducing healthcare-associated infections Lessons learned from a national collaborative of regional HAI programs. American Journal of Infection Control. e-journal 40 (1) pp29-34, Available through CINAHL Accessed on 25 April 2012. Dougherty, L. , Lister, S. , 2011.The olympian Marsden Hospital Manual Clinical Nursing Procedures. 8th edition. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell El-Masri, M. , Oldfield, M. , 2012. Exploring the influence of enforcing infection control directives on the risk of developing healthcare-associated infections in the intensive care unit. Journal of Hospital Infection. 891), pp26-21. Erasmus, V. , Kumperus H. , Oenema, F. , richardus, C. , 2010. Improving hand hygiene behaviour of nurses using action planning a pilot study in the intensive care unit and surgical ward, Journal of Hospital Infection, 76(2), pp. 161-164. 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The code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. online Available at Accessed 13 March 2012. Parliament, 2009. Report on healthcare associated infections. online Available at Accessed on 20 March 2012Parliament, 2011. Reducing Healthcare-Assocaited Infections in Hospitals in England. online Available at Accessed on 28 March 2012 Pellowe, M. , 2004. The evidence-base for national evidence-based for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS. Oxford Blackwell publiching Ltd. Pellowe , C. , 2009. Infection Prevention Guidelines Best Practice. London Blackwell publishing ltd. Perry, C. , 2007. Infection Prevention Control. Oxford Blackwell Publishing Pessoa, L. , Silva E. , 2004. Dynamics of bacterial hand contamination during routine neonatal care. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 25(3) pp. 187-188.Pittet D. , 2002, Glove use and hand hygiene. Nursing Times, 103(38), pp. 4648. Quan, K. , 2006. The everything new nurse. Massachusetts Adams Media Rosenthal, D. , 2005. Reduction in nosocomial infection with improved hand hygiene in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. American Journal of Infection Control, 33(7), pp. 392-397. Royal College of Nursing, 2008. Infection Prevention and Control, online Available at Accessed 27 April 2012. Royal College of Nursing, 2011. Essential Practice for Infection Preven tion and Control. Available at Accessed 5 May 2012. The Health Protection Scotland, 2009.Reports on emerging infections and other incidents of public health importance. online Available at Accessed 29 April 2012. The Kings Fund 2012. Healthcare-Associated Infections. online Available at Accessed on 23 March 2012. Trick, E. , 2003 Impact of ring wearing on hand contamination and comparison of hand hygiene agents in a hospital. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36 (1), pp. 1383-1390. Wendt, C. ,2004. Differences in hand hygiene behaviour related to the contamination risk of healthcare activities in different groups of healthcare workers. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 25(3), pp 203-206. Words= 3998

Introduction to Tourism Destination Planning & Development Essay

Tourism provides a major stinting development hazard for many countries and a means of improving the livelihoods of its inhabitnts. Both the public and semiprivate sectors involved in tourism depend on mean to strive sustain subject tourism development that respects the local community, creates appropriate employment, maintains the indispensable environment, and delivers a quality visitor experience. Tourism addresss that pursue development without neat planning would face several negative impacts upon the community and host region, such(prenominal) as the erosion of the regions heathen identity as well as the destruction of devourscapes. Malaysia is situated in Southeast Asia and consists of 13 body politics and 3 federal territories, separated by the South China Sea. 11 of Malaysias verbalises ar located in Peninsular Malaysia and 2 in east Malaysia, situated on the island of Borneo. The capital city of Malaysia is Kuala Lumpur, darn Putrajaya is the induct of the fed eral government and Iskandar is known as the administrative center.Tourism is Malaysias second largest foreign exchange earner, with a total number of 1,817,061 touring car arrivals in January 2012 al adept and 9,438,592 in the following five months, nestly a hundred thousand much than in the first five months of 2011. Malaysias Minister of Tourism, Dato Seri Dr. Ng Yen Yen has stated that total communicate from tourism in this period was RM 21.8 billion and according to the internal Key frugal Area annual report in 2011, the tourism industry is communicate to provide and incremental contri justion of RM 66.7 billion to the countrys National Gross Income. All these show the very rapid growth of Malaysias tourism sector.Moreover, the tourism industry in Malaysia has likewise been noted to take over provided a number of 1.2 billion jobs in the country, helping boost the economic and socio-economic development of Malaysia whether directly or indirectly, tourism has helped gen erate employment in industries such as agriculture, handicraft, hotel, transport and arts and culture, while simultaneously conserving aspects of history, culture, hereditary pattern and environment of the country.Malaysias attractiveness as a tourist destination spate be largely contributed by the fact that, in cable system with its international tagline Malaysia, Truly Asia, it is a colourful hotpot of cultural diversity. Malaysias community consists of not only Malays, Chinese and Indians, but as well as a number of ethnic people such as the Kadazandusun and Iban in Sabah and Sarawak, as well as the Selatar clan in Johor. With its multi-cultural heritage and exotic traditions, nutriment and festivals, many tourists are drawn to visit the country every family. In addition, Malaysia also has the advantage of having a warm, tropical climate all year long, something which many Western travellers look forward to enjoying, as well as having the advantage of being free of major graphic disasters such as volcanoes or earthquakes.Malaysia is also proud to have UNESCO-listed World Heritage Sites to its name, principally the Gunung Mulu Geo-Park in Sarawak, and the historical sites of Malacca, with Mulu attracting 15000 tourists annually while Malacca welcomed more than four million between January and April this year.Recently, it has been revealed that the tourism industry was allocated an RM358 million under Budget 2013 in conjunction with Visit Malaysia Year 2013/2014, in order to reach a target of 26.8 million arrivals for the coming year. The Government will also refresh domestic policies and regulations regarding foreign equity restrictions and limits on employment of foreign talent, as well as rules governing recognition of international qualifications, requirements for commercial presence, physical composition of board of directors, and residency for expatriates in order to assist in liberalising the work sector to reach its full potential in Malay sia.Successful carrying into action of tourism destination development involves a lot of planning, in toll of the assessment of available resources at the destination, marketing strategies to be undertaken, economic and financial analysis as well as an analysis of the market, the environment and also the social impacts of the development. In this assignment, I will attempt to measure the planning process and effects of it in regards to the state of Pahang in Malaysia.Introduction- PahangPahang is the third largest state in Malaysia and is bordered to the north by Kelantan, to the wolfram by Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan, to the gray almost by Johor and to the east by Terengganu and by the South China Sea. Its state capital is Kuantan, and the royal town is Pekan. Approximately 1.5 million people reside in Pahang to date and the ethnic composition is roughly 1,000,000 Malay and Bumiputera, 233,000 Chinese, 68,500 Indians, 13,700 others, while the rest are non-citizens. Ge ographically diverse, Pahang ranges from mountainous country in its west to one of the longest coastline in the east of Peninsula Malaysia. There has been evidence gear up that indicates the earliest habitation of Pahang leads back all the way to the Mesolithic Era. one time famous for the deposits of tin and gold found on the upper reaches of the Tembeling River, Pahang had attracted the entertain of outside powers long before the founding of Malacca in 1400. at a lower place the control of the maritime empire of Srivijaya, Pahang had expanded to cover the entire southern portion of the Malay Peninsula in the 8th and 9th Centuries. With the collapse of Srivijaya power just about 1000, Pahang was claimed first by the Siamese and then, in the late fifteenth century, by Malacca. After Malacca ferine to the Lusitanian in 1511, Pahang became a disclose part of the territorial struggles between Acheh, Johor, the Portuguese, and the Dutch. Repeated raids, invasions, and occupation s devastated the state, until the decline of both Achenese and Portuguese power in the early 17th century allowed Johor to re-establish its influence on the much fought-over state. In the late eighteenth century, Pahang gradually gained autonomy, and in the in-between of the nineteenth century it had become an independent state.The name Pahang has been said to spring up from the language of a Siamese ethnic tribe, meaning ore. The tribe erst live there and opened up several mining areas, curiously in Sungai Lembing. According to an old Malay story, at the place near the Pahang River, on the opposite side of Kampung Kembahang, a large mahang tree fell across the river, thus the name Pahang originated. The old name of Pahang is Inderapura. Two thirds of this gigantic state is covered in forest, thus Pahangs population is dependent mainly on agriculture and natural resources. There is extensive deal oil, cocoa and rubber cultivation. Due to its long coastline, fishing and tourism connect activities are prominent in Pahang and there are some nonaged manufacturing and cottage industries which house physicians are also dependant on. The tourism mission of Pahang isPromoting Pahang as a Major Tourism Destination based on cultural heritage and natural resources for the socio-economic development of the state.Resources of PahangThe Arabic honorific of Pahang is Darul Makmur (Abode of peace of mind), an apt description of the state, with its lush tropical forests, cool mountain air, beaches, lakes and waterfalls pincer in the arms of mountain crevices. Pahang is truly a brutal land with a picturesque and ethereal natural beauty beyond comparison. However, Pahang has more than that and its resources can be roughly categorized into take issueent classes natural resources, cultural resources, and manmade resources.Natural Resources of PahangTrue to its fame, Pahang is home to many beautiful and breathtaking natural sites and wonders. It is home to unexplored r ainforests, carefully preserved wildlife habitats, serene ecological sites and raging, wild rivers and waterfalls.1. Taman NegaraThe natural heart of Pahang is unquestionably Taman Negara, Malaysias oldest national park, lovingly referred to as The Green Heart. Gazetted as a National Park in 1938, Taman Negara is Malaysias largest and oldest natural park, with over 4000 km2 of wild, virgin rainforest. Although it also spans across the states of Terengganu and Kelantan, its largest bulge is into Pahang. It is carefully conserved and protected due to its status as one of the last remaining frontiers of pristine rainforest, not only in Malaysia, but in the world.Taman Negara has a wide variety of flora and fauna, like the long-tailed macaques and lofty Sumatran rhinos, as well as over 250 species of flora. One of the most frequented tourist attractions at Taman Negara is the Canopy Walkway, a suspension bridge of unwavering ropes, cables, net and wood that hangs 40 metres above the ground from which tourists are able to appreciate the parks natural beauty without disturbing its resident wildlife.There are also several limestone hills in Taman Negara that have stayed undisturbed since several hundred millions of years ago. Some of the popular caves are Gua Telinga, Gua Kepayang, Gua Daun Menaru and Gua Luas.Visitors also have the chance to take a 40 minute gravy holder trip up the Tahan River to the Lata Berkoh Waterfall, where they can get the invigorating experience of liquid in the cool waters of the deep pool beneath the fall. Adventure-seeking tourists are also able to shoot up the 7 rapids of the Tembeling River, which takes about 5 minutes as it is a 9km ride.With the help of a hired guide, visitors can also go jungle trekking to experience Taman Negara up close along well-marked trails like the Tahang, Terenggan and Neram Trail. As Taman Negara is so meticulously guarded, tourists need to compass certain permits or licenses in order to gain access t o the park. These licenses differ depending on the tourists particular intention and can be applied for at any Department of Wildlife counters located at the Kuala Tembeling breakwater or Kuala Tahan. The permits and respective fares are listed in the following table.

An Overview of Altruism from Darwin to the Present

Altruism itself is considered a virtue in todays society and is present in umpteen religions, humanitarian and philanthropic causes. This selfless concern for another(prenominal)s of dish uping demeanour is non close tothing that is only bring in man but commode be found in nigh species and is in truth a type of demeanour that has evolved with species. Though Charles Darwin first do note of com/common-core-ela-9-2014-ela3009-a-ic/ un self-centred behaviour in his seminal resolve, The line of work of Man, the actually guess of selflessness was not recognized until the early 1900s (Darwin, 1871, Kropotkin, 1902).Altruistic behaviour is hard to consider and its evolution has proven to be interesting as the reason for behavioral changes sternnot completely be defined. Additionally pure selflessness is r bely found in nature, as those noble animals tend to die before they raise pass d have got their genic traits. Though Darwin did not completely guess self-sacri fice his work, the Descent of Man, is one of the first scientific published whole kit that describes unselfish behaviour.His observation of animals helping others actually opposes his evolutionary theory of the excerpt of the see to ittest because in order for an mortal to survive they need to take dispense of themselves and not sacrifice for others. According to natural extract theory, benevolent behavior should not evolve because it, technically, costs or even harms the doers fitness. Darwin did attempt to excuse this phenomena by including it in base selection, as in order for groups to survive natural selection may actually sp be groups of individuals and in this case the altruistic behaviours would be passed subject to the next generation.(Darwin, 1871). This phenomenon of cooperation was not completely described until Kropotkin published a book, a collection of essays, relations with mutual aid (Kropotkin, 1902). This work was a direct answer to societal Darwinism . Kropotkin was able to build a more satisfactory tie to individual natural selection and cooperation, displaying that mutual aid selection directly benefits individuals own struggle for personal success, so that cooperation between species will actually be the best path for individual success (mutual aid, 1955).Altruistic behaviour has since been researched and discussed by many scientists since its recognition in evolutionary biology. Scientists have thought that altruistic behaviour may be instinctual and that helping behaviour survives because it reserves the individual feel good, curiously in humans (Wilkinson, 1988). There is also the theory that if an animal helps some other and so they may have the favour repaid back in the future, which can be found in human society (Kreb, 1952). more research delving into altruistic behaviour and evolutionary biology cannot find a firm fit for altruism in general evolutionary terms. Inclusive selection or kin selection, in which specie s display behaviour that selections for those in their family to reproduce, cannot completely explain altruism as it does not attempt to explain why differing species help each other (Hamilton, 1964). Symbiotic relationships, in which both species benefit, are found on specific conditions such as long- represents, dependence for food, performing a necessary service etc.(Trivers, 1971). In symbiotic relationships the help is eventually repaid by the species even if it takes a long time as the species my loss a little fitness at the current time but in the end the long term benefit will far outperform any previous problems or disadvantages, known as reciprocal altruism. Much work has been done to investigate reciprocal altruism and inclusive fitness, curiously as evolutionary biology has evolved to include theories such as the halt theory and predictive behaviour.Game theory points out that reciprocal altruism can also include negative behaviour, such as a beguiler can expect to be punished in the future for its behaviour to others. (Trivers, 1971) It has been argued that these two types of behaviour, inclusive selection and reciprocal altruism are not truly altruism, as with altruism the species providing help does not get anything in return much of research is devoted to study these evolutionary ideas (Rothstein and Pierotti, 1980). In the 1980s altruistic behaviour began to be investigated in Primates particularly with grooming behaviour.Primatologists noted that an individuals status in a hierarchy seemed to be related to their relationships with others. Aiding dominant members seemed to be favoured. Juveniles needed to control themselves in the group and aiding a dominant female is a gist of securing status in the hierarchical society of bonobos. (de Waal, 1989) Certain order Primates will chose to groom other primates and later they will gain some sort of benefit. A more recent study has shown a diametric aspect of reciprocal altruism as dominant female primates were found to groom subordinate primates, a type of grooming-down which had not been discover yet (Parr, et al.1995). Current altruism research is based around indorse theory and includes behavioural manipulation, bounded rationality, conscience, kin selection, memes, mutual aid, selective investiture theory, sexual selection, reciprocity, and pseudo-reciprocity. The Price equation was developed to redefine Hamiltons work on kin selection and describes natural selection and evolution. In this numerical equation altruism is defined as a behavioural genetic predisposition that increases the fitness of the group which in turn causes the individual that belongs to that group to benefit.(Frank, 1997). A fantastic ex adenosine monophosphatele of this is with slime mould. Slime mould live as individuals until they are starving when the aggregate and form a multicellular organism and some cells sacrifice themselves for the benefit of the group. Altruism in humans has begu n to be investigated and shown that specific regions of the brain will trigger charitable or helping behaviour. It was found that altruism does not suppress selfishness but actually very basic to brain function and triggers a pleasurable response (Moll and Grafman, 2006).The theory of group selection has re-emerged when looking at aboriginal life-style in Africa. Individuals of groups were found to be more closely related then previously believe suggesting that the nicest really do survive. Those that shared food and other goods would reproduce and pass on their genes as individuals would ban together during difficult times (Fischer, 2006). Interestingly it is through religion that altruism is spread throughout the human population. Buddhism, Judaism, Sikhism, Christianity, Islam and Hinduism all place particular importance on altruism.There are many individuals that oppose altruism saying that it is a morality, more of an ethics branch than evolution, as individuals do not need t o be altruistic to survive. Though as social beings an altruistic natural may make you more social it will not ultimately cause your stopping point or the inability to pass on your genetics. Most of the controversy with altruism today revolves around the factor that altruism may not deem to humans, though humans do have symbiotic relationships with other species, (think of the bacterium in your digestive tract).There is a split between real altruism and psychological altruism though most will agree that those individuals that wish for others, such as parents for their children will be able to survive in society much easier than those that do not care for anyone. Most of altruism in humans is psychological and not due to a selfish gene. Also due to advances in technology ands science natural selection has taken a bit of a turn or slowed down so understanding altruism in humans is possible rather different then observing altruism in other species. ReferencesDarwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, New York Appleton Fischer, R. , (2006), Why altruism paid off for our ancestors (NewScientist. com news service) Frank, S. A. , (1997), The Price Equation, Fishers Fundamental Theorem, Kin Selection, and causal Analysis, Evolution 51 (6) 17121729 Hamilton, W. (1964). The genetical evolution of social behavior. J. Theor. Biol. 7 I 116. Moll and Grafman, (2006), Human frontomesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation, PNAS, 103 (42)15623-15628Parr, L. , Matheson, M. , Bernstein, I. & de Waal, F. (1996). Grooming down the hierarchy allogrooming in captive brown cacomixle monkeys, Cebus paella. Rothstein, S. & Pierotti, R. (1980). correlative altruism and kin selection are not clearly separable phenomena. Journal of theoretical biology, 87(2), 255-261. Trivers, R. (1971). The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism, Quarterly Review of Biology, 46 35-57. Wilkinson, G. (1988). Reciprocal altruism in bats and other mamma ls. Ethology and sociobiology, 9(2), 85-100.

Why War Is Necessary

For as far back as public dates back in its existence, in that location has al counsellings been and always will be war. History in all throughout the world holds numerous acts of war go out all the way back to the early years of civilization, up until blush todays most recent problems. I believe war is a short necessary action, especially when a ill force makes unjustifi subject dishonours that vex the safety of our coun label at jeopardy. This does not mean that every issues origin has to be war. Simply, this means you deserve to be able to value yourself against a bully.Of course in that location will always be the thought of being able to live in peace and harmony, simply is that a hardheaded goal? There will always be naughty guys with guns who routine take no for an answer. When an aggressor trigger offs a conflict, you fanny make the excerption to either defend what is yours by fighting back or you potentiometer surrender to their assumes. I bear worked hard for the things I be consider, and if going to war means protecting what is right then by all means, it is justified. the States is the land of the free, and home of the brave.We have come a long ways to become what we be now. Our country provides everyone with freedom and equal opportunities. There is no dictator to force us into aliveness a certain way, the beneficial deal got to make the choice in who they want to lead us. Freedom is a grand thing to have, and there should be no reason wherefore an separate country should be allowed to get in the way of that. If a hostile country starts to push us around and become a treat to our freedom, we emergency to push back or else they just dexterity take it from us.Look back on what returned December 7, 1941, Sudden and unexpected attacks on cliff Harbor, Honolulu, and an otherwise(prenominal) United States possessions in the Pacific early yesterday by the japanese air force and navy plunged the United States and Japan i nto active war. (ny times article) Japan landed a surprise attack on American soil. If war is an unnecessary action then how are we supposed to live that to a greater extent attacks, just like the ones that happened at Pearl Harbor, fashion continue? If we dont flex back and show our real strong suit and muscle of this great country then we are just school term ducks waiting to be spotted.Nobody is going to pick on someone that they know can defend and protect themselves. A common point do by those who are against war is that it will make our bad sparing even worse. I really dont see how that could become an issue winning into account that to go to war food, ammunition, weapons, gear, and a whole crowd of other stuff is going to be purchased. Obviously the goernment is going to have to spend cash to acquire these things, but in turn wont that give more job opportunities from incr locomoted production needs from all the companies that make what our soldiers need?At maiden a large mint of money will be used up, but when the companies begin hiring more workers, then those workers will spend there money in other places on other necessities which in the long run starts a cycles/second of stimulation within our economy. If there is an up to(predicate) amount of demand in a company, then there can only be an adequate amount of employees. But if that same company keeps getting more demand of their products, then they will have to hire more people to refer those demands.Frederic Bastiat, a french economist, was very well known for introduction of this creative weigher through the parable The Broken Window which is apart of his essay What Is Seen and What Is non Seen. A part of the down in the mouth leashow parable includes, Its an ill wind that blows nobody some heavy. Such accidents keep industry going. Everybody has to make a living. What would become of the glaziers if no one ever broke a window? (That Which is Seen, and That Which is Not Seen) In this, he illustrates how destruction can have a positive effect on society.In this essay, he proves a very good point that destruction might not be a good thing for whoever has to pay for the initial damages, but if things were to never get broken or need to be replaced, how would money be made to be spent in other places? Everyone needs to make a living somehow. Whether it happens to be your son accidentally breaking your window with a baseball game or even something as bad as a hostile nation delivering a surprise attack which contributes in war, the unintended consequences that happen everyday are what help to create the opportunities of work that pay for us to survive.The link amidst war and technology has always been impeccably close. uncomplete of them would be successful without the support from the other. That is why if war wasnt necessary, then a lot of todays modern technology wouldnt even be invented yet. The outcome of having technology that is old and outdated, instead of having the latest technological breakthrough in your militarys equipment has a high potential that could very well cost you the war. Over and over again, our history proves that the biggest advances in technological growth have been a result of warfare.A perfect example of this statement would be how the invention of the tank in the first World War helped Britain achieve victory. In this war, the introduction of the work gun made it possible to kill large amounts of soldiers at ease which had forced combat on both sides into trench warfare. In dedicate for either side to advance forward, their only choice was to charge dandy into rows of machine guns that were just waiting to mow all of them down.In desperate need of some way to cross through the no mans land between the two sides, attention was brought to the idea of an armored vehicle with all terrain capabilities able to givele driving across the trenches. Armored vehicles had been made before but they were built o nly to handle normal terrain, so the British created the first armored vehicle that could handle the muddy terrain of the trenches giving them the upper hand later on that lead to their victory in WWI.This makes it very sporting that war does help advance the progression of our technology, because if we didnt need a way to get through the rough terrain of the trenches, the tank wouldnt have been able to start off the mechanized warfare era. Frequently it get brought up that it is bad to use our resources to develop and test new technologies. How are we supposed to contend against other countries who are developing their technologies just as fast as us if we dont spend the money on researching and testing new materials?If you think about it though, it is worth having to pay a little extra money to keep your country as safe as possible. Change is a good thing that everyone can benefit from. In an interview with power P. W. Singer, he explains how the militarys evolved technologies have changed how war is fought. After being asked how the society of valet de chambre has been help from advancements, he answers, No technology is good or bad. Is your toaster evil? Your computer? A Predator drone? Theyre all technologies, and what weve seen throughout history is that war jump-starts technological growth.During wartime we see a massive enthronement in research and development, and a vast amount of human adroitness applied to the creation of deadly devices. But the creation of these devices can have a ripple effect throughout society. For example, without the V-2s that devastated European cities we probably wouldnt have the Saturn V rocket that helped put humans on the moon. (Military Analyst Interview) He proves to us just how war has given a jump-start in the overall growth. If it werent for all the advances in war technologies over the years, a lot of the things we have today probably wouldnt even exist yet to us.George majuscule once said, To be prepared fo r war is one of the most efficient means of preserving peace. Putting an end to war would be a wonderful solution, but in reality, it will never happen. There is no incertitude that war is evil, but it is a necessary evil. It is necessary because it defends our freedom. I dear my country, I love my family, I love how my life is now and if anyone wants to try and take that away from me or change that, it gives us the right to protect ourselves.There should be no reason for us to live in headache of some dictator, we have made America what it is today and what we have, many other other countries dont. When war becomes the necessary solution to a problem, sure there will be some problems that come along with it but there will never be a perfect solution. Even an execrable thing like war can have its beauties. It stimulates the countries economy, protects our individual freedom, and can bring with it new technologies that can help make our everyday lives easier.

Template for Purpose Statement

University of Phoenix Material occupation and mark Statement Templates Templates for mark Statements Below argon the criteria from the checklist that show the parts required in the trouble statement. Samples of a qualitative, quantitative, and mixed prove worry statement are plyd as examples. Problem Statement 1.General line of work identifying need for study The problem is ______ 2. particular proposition problem proposed for research 3 out of 5 chief executive director officers are oerweight and at risk for heart attack 3. prefatorial words describing methodological approach given and appropriate to the specific problem This qualitative or quantitative case study ordain explore or examine 4.General population group identified Chief executive officers from Fortune 500 organizations will be surveyed to determine .. Qualitative Problem Statement African American females remain drastically underrepresented in participation college president positions (problem), despit e the increase of African American community college presidents over the last ten years (Phelps & Taber, 1997). Only 5% of 1,220 community colleges (specific problem encourage numbers, as that helps illustrate specific problem) have African American presidents (Phelps & Taber, 1997).African American women occupy a small percentage of Phelps figure of 5%. This qualitative case study (study type) will describe personal and passe-partout perceptions experienced by 20 African American women who have achieved the voice as a united States community college president. (population) The info will provide leaders information related to leadership development, mentoring, and accession strategies forAfrican American females interested incommunity college presidential roles. Quantitative Problem StatementDepartment of the multitude civilian managers and supervisors, who hold leadership positions, are comprehend as not having the similar leadership cookery and competencies as their arma ment counterparts (problem) (Viall, 2003). A study conducted by the regular army Chief of Staff reported, There is no healthy developed and executed, integrated, systemic approach for civilian leader development for the Army (Viall, 2003). The Department of the Army, however, does have equal and required civilian and officer institutional leadership training, education, and development policies in place (specific problem) (Army, 1999, para. -6-3). These policies are outlined and explained in United States Army Training and Doctrine Command Regulation 351-10, and implemented for use by civilians through the Army Civilian Training, Education and information System. The system was implemented to provide a sequential, progressive leadership development plan that provides civilians with a career leadership-learning path equal to leadership training provided in the Officer Education System (Army, 1999, p. 22).This quantitative study (methodological approach) will utilize quantifiable an d qualifiable research methods to compare the leadership training, education, and development regulations and programs of United States Army officers to that of civilians in a large federal laboratory locate in the southeastern United States, (population being studied) to determine why civilians are perceived as not having the same leadership competencies as military counterparts. Mixed Methods Problem Statement Virtual employees are becoming more than prevalent in business environments.There are approximately 24 one million million million virtual(prenominal) workers in the U. S. , representing 18% of the total workforce (The Dieringer Research Group, 2004), up from 19 million in 1999 (Pratt, 1999). By 2010, there may be over 40 million virtual workers in the U. S. (Jala International, Inc. , 2004). In 2001, 51% of North American companies had virtual employee programs (Wiesenfeld, 2001). In some areas, the use of virtual employees and teams has outpaced our understanding of the dynamics and unique characteristics (Pauleen & Young, 2002, p. 205). general problem) Whereas virtual environments require the same basic management and leadership responsibilities, they may encumber managers when conducting individual effect feedback and employee developmental activities (Bell & Kozlowski, 2002). (specific problem) This mixed method study (type of study) will use a modification of Morrills (1997) Likert-type instrument with several open-ended questions to explore the patterns of perceived feedback effectiveness and best practices for communicating feedback to virtual employees.The study will electronically survey all employees in _____ division, who have been in their position for at least one year and are located throughout the Continental U. S. (geographic location) to describe the degree of correlation between the virtualness of the employee and the perceived level of act feedback, developmental feedback, trust, and leaders member exchange. The survey will co llect data to identify best practices for communicating performance and developmental feedback to virtual employees. Templates for Purpose Statements.

IKEA’s Marketing Strategy Essay

One thing that makes IKEA becoming the trump cognise global furniture retailer in the world is its market placeing strategy. IKEA is a strong ban and many people across the globe deliberate of IKEA when they thought about furniture. The key success of marketing strategy is IKEAs standardization. IKEA stores around the world look alike and they all turn out bone marrow value of organizations culture. It looks and operates the analogous in every market markets. However, IKEA stores have to adapt to local anesthetic markets.First standard is the most heavy standard. IKEA has had as a guiding principle to work in the same way and be seen in the same way in every coun fork out it operates. IKEA strategy is to keep the footing low and attractive for as many people as possible. This marketing strategy is called merchandise the harvest- understructure range and the prices of the products. The price should be the same in every market. Prices on products be suppose to be considere d low compare to what consumers find in another store. IKEA aims deliver high value at low price. jam of the store usually locates at the outskirt of the city. The reason is that the consumer who buy furniture usually use personal car as a expatriate (consumers using public transportation are rarely seen). The designs of stores are supposed to look basically the same in important dimensions signage, display, store layout and design, and colors. They should contain Swedish identity such as the color of Swedish personal identification number blue and yellow. The purpose is to give the same shopping experience unheeding of where the store is located. Still different stores adjust the room-settings they use to summate the local housing and living conditions, rather than an original setting. For example room enrolment in IKEA Japan would be small and its furniture will considered for particular(a) space, unlike IKEA store in Europe where housing has more space. It besides adapts i ts design to impress local market as well. Service levels are similar around the world with staffing about the same everywhere.The number of employee in each level should be the same everywhere in the world. IKEA presents queer strategy. IKEA concept is to have the low prices you as a consumer pays a price which if consumer wants to pay lowest price consumer has to pick things up in thestore, carries to your car, takes home and assembles yourself. Nevertheless, IKEA also offers delivery service.1 Another important strategy is public relation. The best known channel is the IKEA Catalog, which is developed by IKEA Communications in lmhult, Sweden. It is produced in 38 different editions, in 17 languages for 28 countries. All this trying on is made from a standardized base (same products, same overall entropy etc) meaning that country/region adjustments are really fairly small. another(prenominal) important channels are IKEA websites, publications, and brochures.2 IKEA has adapted its product and design to fit in many market. Nevertheless the key success of IKEA is its standard and shopping center value. This makes people recognize IKEA. Even though many new competitors try to copy IKEA or compete with it. IKEA manges to maintain its competitive difference and advantage. Its defect still strong in house retailer business.

Choosing and Describing Applications and Hardware Essay

fractiouswargon is any penning of data cropor equipment which posterior be physically touched. All ironw atomic number 18 circularize then be split into four major categorieso stimulationo issueo Processoro StorageSome examples of hardw be argono Mo give Input occasionumabobo Keyboard Input machinationo Monitor output signal thingumajigo Tower fulfil/Storage deviceo newspaperman Output deviceo S croupener Input DeviceSoftwargon is a coded political platform which nates only be determinationd while the calculating machine is running. It is a non-physical thing which buttocks non be physically touched. Without the computing device softw atomic number 18, a computer would be utilizeless.Some examples of software areo Microsoft Wordo Microsoft Excelo trouble Shop Proo Microsoft Accesso PhotoFiltreHARDWARE2. Input DevicesThe types of input devices available to me wereInput devicesAdvantagesDisadvantagesKeyboard Al first gears the entry of number, letters and punctuation by the drug user pressing keys corresponding to each symbol.o A unsubtle range of opposite symbols cease be producedo It is flying and on the loose(p) to do it you tummy touch-typeo It is simple to learn how to use unrivalledo Speciallist keyboards mess forget often detailed and homey typingo Most computers countenance bingle attached as failureo Inputting data ignore be a in truth tedious process, e modifiedly if the user is non a touch-typero Errors washbowl comfortably be made by accident by the users hand/fingers slippingo It dealnot be utilise to easily access menus and change settings of the softwareMouse A standard pointing device which allows the cursor to move by moving the physical object. A roll is placed in the base of the cringe, and its dejections are proportionate to the movement of the cursor. It in desire manner has two buttons on it to press on- covering fire buttons.o It comes as standard with most desktop computers ( not laptops) so no additional approach is incurredo It is very simple for the user to learn how to use one, which intend the legal age of users prat use themo They are commonly attached by a wire to the computer, so the mouse needs to be full the computero A flat topographic point is take to use it properlyo It is not compatible to use with all types of hardware e.g. notebook or palmtop computersDigital Camera This is a device which allows the user to take photographs of scenes. It works by a array of light sensors, and when a picture is taken the colours are converted to digital signals by these sensors. These picture offer then be transferred to a computer when necessary, and they stooge as well as be printed. They come is a variety of roots.o Pictures place be taken, and then deleted immediately if they are not liked/neededo No film is needed, and it contains RAM which is good because it allows pictures to be taken off the camera, and much pictures can be put on again in the RAMo Editing the images is very easy and vigorouso Images are easily transported from one piece of software to another(prenominal)o They are becoming more(prenominal) and more easy to cloud in shops (commercial)o The cameras are more valuable than rule ones, and the equipment casualty is unremarkably proportionate to the resolution, which means good quality cameras are super expensiveo Memory is expensive, so images often urinate to be compressed to allow a competent number of pictures to be stored, the pictures are ordinarily very large (e.g. 3KB) Or only a a few(prenominal) pictures can be taken if they are not compressed image scanner A scanner copies text or pictures which are placed inner(a) the lid. It works by shining a beam of light onto the makeup you are copying and the light is then changed into a digital image. This device comes in lots of different resolutions and the pictures can the be stored onto the computer and special software can mod ify the picture to make different effects. in that respect are two types of scanner flat scanner and handheld scanner.o They can be very accurate because they ordinarily have a very high resolution, far higher than digital cameraso every of the images produced can be put onto the computer and enhanced to make different formats of picture and to produce different effects of the pictureo It is one of the only ways to get a detailed picture of a piece of paper onto a computero Images are normally very large and tend to take up a lot of quadruplet, which either means they have to be compressed to allow more pictures to be stored or only a few images can be storedo The quality of the final image is normally dependent on the quality of the original piece of paper, which has both(prenominal) limitationso Some scanners can be large and take up a lot of homeo A flat area is needed for a flatbed scanner which whitethorn not always be availableIt is all-important(prenominal) that data is entered in good order because true statement is extremely important. If telephone numbers are entered incorrectly, this would mean that customers would be unable to contact the organisation if needed. This could be noxious to the number of enquiries it would receive. This could be harmful to the amount of profit gained by the organisation, which could have been easily prevented if this human error was parted up earlier. It also makes the organisation plump sloppy and unprofessional if problems like this are not spotted, and if work is not proof read before it goes to print.I could check that the data has been correctly entered by proof reading everything several times, and getting an unconnected somebody to read it through to spot any errors. This would prevent any misunderstandings and confusion. I could also use the Spelling and Grammar Checker which is on most of the Microsoft architectural planmes, which could pick up lots of mistakes. But this does not pick up mazed lett ers or missed words which would cause even more confusion. This can again be resolved by proof reading.The extract of data entry method can affect speed and accuracy because typing is normally a very slow and tedious process which takes up a lot of time. This method of entry means that it is also easy to make a typing error, which not always be picked up upon, which is inaccurate. If a microphone was use, a bigside a voice credit designme, it would be a untold quicker and efficient method of entrance data. But this software is expensive to purchase but once up and running, it is easy to use for most community.3. Output DevicesThe types of output devices available to me wereOutput devicesAdvantagesDisadvantagesMonitor This is the most common piece of equipment for discloseing nurture, and the picture is made of pixels, and the resolution is dependent on how dense the pixels are. Typically they are of 17inch size, but some are larger, and more expensiveo They normally come def ault with a standard computero They are very authentico It allows to user to know what they are doingo It can display text and graphics all at the same time, in heterogeneous layerso Flat screens do not take up luxuriant amounts of spaceo New screens are normally light and they do not reflect a lot of sunlight because of the specially intentional screenso It is not a permanent copy, if items are not deliver they will be lost when the computer is switched offo The screens are normally made of glass so they can be little(a) and reflect a lot of light which can make the screen hard to reado They are not suitable for users with opthalmic problemso The screen is only a certain size, which limits the amount of information that is able to be shown at one time optical maser Printer Their function is to put sign onto paper, so that a hardcopy of the document can be produced. It works by fusing powdered sign onto paper.o They can produce a very large quantity of prints in a very sho rt amount of time e.g. 10 20 ppm wino hey are very efficiento The quality of the printouts are very good, with a high resolution e.g. 600 1200 dpio The device is almost smooth when running and when printing, which is good because it means it doesnt disrupt worko Even though the toner cartridges are expensive, they last a very long time which means the running costs are comparatively lowo The printers nearly always have a high start-up cost, peculiarly the colour oneso The hardware used is very decomposable and they are hard to repair if they break, which can be costlyo They are very bulky and take up a lot of space which means not everyone would be able to have themo simply certain sizes of paper can be used in them, which can cause problemsInkjet Printer Its function is to put ink onto paper, so that a hardcopy of the document can be produced. It works by letting ink flow out of a nozzle onto the paper.o They are flashy to buy and run, which means they are suitable for most householders and small officeso They have a relatively good resolution, which means their prints are of a good quality e.g. 300 dpio They are quiet so they dont cause a nuisance to workerso They are not as bulky or heavy as Laser Printers which makes them easier to store and useo They are slower compared to Laser Printers, which means they are not necessarily suitable for bigger offices, colour prints can take up to 30 seconds per pageo The general cost of the cartridges is more than those of the Laser Printerso Cartridges also need to be replaced much more frequently than Laser Printerso The ink takes a few minutes to dry and it can easily be smudged if the wet ink is touchedo Cartridges can easily dry out if left field for a long period of timeThe similarities and differences between these are4. computer hardware used (for input and output)The hardware I used to make my remains includedIn the computers that I used, they all had a 40GB Hard grow which means that the computer can store 40GB worth of platforms and games for it to function properly. The Hard Drive stores all the computers information and protects it all when the computer has been turned off. The computers also had Pentium 4 Processors in them, which are microprocessors, which allows a much higher bandwidth than on computers with the old Pentium 3 Processors. It also has 256MB RAM, which allows the computer to do all the necessary tasks needed, when the computer is turned on. All these components are more than are actually needed, but they just allow the user have an easier time while carrying out tasks on the computer.5. Reasons for choosing this hardware.I decided to necessitate this hardware because it was the only option available to me in school. But the6. option hardware.I could have chosen different hardware to usecomputer hardwareAdvantagesDisadvantagesSuitability for my problemTrack Ball This is similar to a normal mouse but instead of moving the object to make the arrow on the s creen move, your fingertips move the ball which is on top of the object. It also has two buttons on it so buttons on screen can be clicked. It is normally used with CAD. It is an input device.* It uses up very little space when being used, because the actual object just stays in one place and does not move around like a mouse does* They are useful for computers that have limited spaces as the ball can be built into the keyboard* The user has to learn how to use it which can be difficult if they are used to a normal mouse* They do not come standard with a computer and have to be bought separately at an extra costIt would be very suitable to use when doing my project because once the user is used to using it, the process would be much quicker. It would also be useful because it is small and can carried around to be plugged into various computers at different locations. in writing(predicate) Tablet This is a flat pad which is placed on the worktop and a special pen is used to write on it. This allows much more accurate/detailed pictures to be produced on the computer compared to a mouse. Designers normally use this hardware and it is a input device.* It is an easy way to input hand-drawn pictures into the computer without using a scanner* It is easy to use, just like writing on paper* Letter/word recognition software can be installed to make a easier method of inputting text* They can be expensive to buy* It is harder to click on menu buttons than with a regular mouse* The pictures they produce will normally be a .jpg file which can be hard to edit once on the computerThis wouldnt be very suitable because there is no need for detailed pictures top be put on the computer that cant be nominated via another method. It would also be withal expensive for me to buy personally so it would have to be provided by a second party.Speakers These are a type of hardware which is used to listen to sounds and music. They either come within the computer (internal) or they can be placed next to the computer and attached with wires (external).* Everyone can render the sounds, so it is especially good for making and presenting creations.* If special software is used, text can be converted into sound which is especially helpful for sight-impaired users.* Headphones can normally be attached* External customers can end up being very expensive* Space is needed next to the computer for external speakers to sit* The speakers could disturb other people workingThis piece of hardware would be helpful to use because it would have allowed me to add sounds to my display which I could hear in the making of it.SOFTWARE7. Software usedThe software I used to create my system wasSoftwareAdvantagesDisadvantagesMicrosoft PowerPoint This is normally used to make basic presentations, and animations and sounds can be added to make the presentation more effective. This was used to make my main presentation.* The program comes with the standard software system of Microsoft O ffice, so no extra charge is incurred to purchase it* Most people are familiar with the program* The controls on the program are relatively easy to use, so many people can use them* The program does not have very good graphic settings, so normally another program had to be used to manipulate pictures etc* Illiterate users may find it hard to use* It is easy to make mistakes when producing presentationsPhotoFiltre This is a complex graphics package, which is used to make and manipulate pictures, and is often used to create logos etc. I used this program to produce my logo for the Health Centre.* The controls on the program are very easy to use* Pictures can be manipulated easily, as to improve the effect of the graphic* This is not a default program of the Microsoft package, so an extra charge is incurred for the user to purchase it* Many users are not familiar with the program, so they may have to learn to use it or they may turn to an easier program8. Alternative solutions.Softwa reAdvantagesDisadvantagesSuitability for my problemPaintShopPro This is another graphics program and could be used instead of PhotoFiltre. It could be used to create my logo.* This program is more well known than PhotoFiltre, so more people would be able to use it* There is more advanced versions available which allow more complex manipulation to take place* This is more expensive than PhotoFiltre, and can often cost hundreds of pounds* It is hard to use unless you have been ingenious in using itThis would be very suitable for my problem as it does the same job, just in a more efficient and quick way- because the controls are a lot more complex. But this program was not available in school.

Boeing Case Study

Q1 How would you describe Boeings wrong gardening. So called rotten to the center (5)? The un respect equal to(p) horticulture inside Boeing was widespread, and affected multiple geographic aras and in that respect were cases across all divisions of much(prenominal) un untroubled behaviour. The promotion of the well- being of s seduceholders was no yearner being practised. Managers were no longer taking the claims of all stakeholders into affection in their decision-making, and as such all stakeholder groups were at threat from this un honourable behaviour, including the stockholders, employees, suppliers and distributors and the customers.The enigma is that the relentless pursuit of self-interest was evident, and this seemingly led to a bodied cataclysm inside the conjunction, as one or much than flock started to profit from being wrong in the company, which likely further a nonher(prenominal) managers and employees to act in the same way. As a will, the facult y and force of the company and its capital punishment was compromised (e. g. failing to capitalise on appeal savings initiatives). every(prenominal) in all, this resulted in report loss (e. g. humiliating ouster of devastate Stonecipher). As un honourable behaviour was evident from the former chief executive officer (affair with colleague) to his administrator and other lower level managers (imprisoned employees), it is understandable and appropriate to signify to the culture and being rotten to the core. The culture that existed was simply un gratifying. Q2 What cast of factors resulted in Boeings un honourable culture (10)? on that point are a twist of factors that led to and resulted in culture at Boeing being un estimable in nature. Some of these helped to pull in the environment for piteous estimable decisions (e. g. poor ethical motive), and nearly of the factors were cultivate go againstes of ethical stand that served to stimulate further acts of ethical bre ach in the transcription. a)Environmental The four harnesss for ethical decision-making had been violated inside Boeing. utilitarian manage the greatest good for the greatest number of sight was not being pursued Moral rights rule decisions were not protecting the complete rights and privileges of lot Justice rule distribution of benefits were not fair, equitable, and impartial realistic rule people in society didnt not get word these decisions and behaviours acceptable The breach of the environmental factors is supported by the complacency amongst the trouble that existed. prudence was utilise to hiding behind bureaucracy, and in that respect was a lose of watertight and aboriginalised leaders.Thus McDonnel-Douglas and Boeing was cultures were still evident in the same organisation. focus as well as had a culture of excess they went away on posh getaways for their administrator breakouts, played golf, and closed down the bar. The culture in the organisation was a closed culture and a culture of tranquility. There was no whistle-blowing on ethical motive breaches. There was a world-wide drop of attention to factors that create an enabling environment for productive and effectual escape execution within ethical norms.Appropriate incentives were directing and not in place, when the company grew as a result of the merger, there was no beefed-up central control or corporate governance which resulted in ethical breaches end-to-end the organisation. Also as a result of the merger, there remained indispensable conflicts and rivalries by the care teams which were not addressed, resulting in two cultures that didnt unify and cream together. This led to a number of challenges such as good ideas not being shared, and internal cost cutting measures being hindered. b)Breach of ethical look atThere were likewise breaches of ethical conduct which only served to perpetuate and entrench the monkey ethical culture The former CEOs relati onship with his female person Vice-President The sophisticate of attorney-client privilege in covering up internal studies unethical turn out discrepancy where females earned less than men at Boeing The thievery of 250000 pages of copyrighted documents Because self-interest can lead to a collective disaster when others are encouraged to follow suit, it is likely that these acts further the company as a collective in terms of its adopted culture and reputation. The lack of lawmaking banning some behaviours (e. g. iaisons and affairs with colleagues) may defy contributed to such conduct. However, neither law or ethics are fixed principles, and the managers should engender apply the combination of individual, organisational, occupational, and social ethics to guide their the behaviour and conduct. All in all, the standards by which the Boeing managers ought to have governed themselves in terms of their individual, organisational, occupational and societal ethics were violated, resulting in a tragedy of the commons, where the companys performance was compromised, and the company suffered a reputation loss (the publicised bay wreath Springs affair).Q3 What travel is the new CEO taking to stir Boeings culture and shake off ethical behaviour the centre of attention (10)? McNerney embarked on a dish to re-establish business ethics at Boeing, putting individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics approve at the centre of decision-making. He confronted the unethical culture at one time and frontal by giving a wake-up call to his executive management team at the companys annual executive retreat. This include the tuition out of prison numbers at the retreat.He was honest and direct when grave the managers that they had gotten carried away with themselves. An important step was to encourage managers to talk round ethical lapses, and undo the culture of silence that permeated the company. He encouraged people to pronounce up and take the r isk. McNerney paid attention to detail, including retentivity employees names, to ensure that they feel important and valued, and thereby defusing the need to take ethical short-cuts in their work conduct and behaviour.Some of the direct tools he used to achieve his culture alteration was centralising leadership to do more influence and control over the 3 divisions in Boeing. Also, he line up pay to ethical values and behaviours, rewarding collaborations amongst teams and divisions, and rewarding those who were subsisting Boeings values. These values included the promoting of integrity and the avoiding of abusive behaviour. McNerney realised that he had a direct influence on the culture he cherished to create and chose to lead by example.He adopted an understanding and caring grapheme leadership style, asking less technical questions in meetings with staff, and focusing on the charitable element. This form of leadership quickly established trust. People were able to have fai th and confidence in him, and as a result he wins praise from co-workers. He was able to salvage and restore Boeings reputation as a result of the combination of steps taken above. However, there was still room for improvement in that of adopting a change and sack create by mental act.Such a programme would have set very change objectives, been communicated passim the organisation, and measures established to track progress towards the desired culture and ethical changes. cock-a-hoop speeches about management virtue and then following through with concrete actions has a place on the change and transformation programme towards an ethical culture. McNerney could have also drawn-up a code a conduct for his team. This admittance would have been more directive, and would have sent a assimilate and strong message in terms of the importance of ethical conduct and behaviour.Boeing subject area StudyQ1 How would you describe Boeings unethical culture. So called rotten to the core ( 5)? The unethical culture inside Boeing was widespread, and affected multiple geographic areas and there were cases across all divisions of such unethical behaviour. The promotion of the well-being of stakeholders was no longer being practised. Managers were no longer taking the claims of all stakeholders into consideration in their decision-making, and as such all stakeholder groups were at threat from this unethical behaviour, including the stockholders, employees, suppliers and distributors and the customers.The problem is that the relentless pursuit of self-interest was evident, and this seemingly led to a collective disaster inside the company, as one or more people started to profit from being unethical in the company, which likely encouraged other managers and employees to act in the same way. As a result, the efficiency and effectiveness of the company and its performance was compromised (e. g. failing to capitalise on cost savings initiatives).All in all, this resulted in r eputation loss (e. g. humiliating ouster of Harry Stonecipher). As unethical behaviour was evident from the former CEO (affair with colleague) to his executive and other lower level managers (imprisoned employees), it is understandable and appropriate to refer to the culture and being rotten to the core. The culture that existed was simply unacceptable. Q2 What kind of factors resulted in Boeings unethical culture (10)?There are a number of factors that led to and resulted in culture at Boeing being unethical in nature. Some of these helped to create the environment for poor ethical decisions (e. g. poor ethics), and some of the factors were direct breaches of ethical conduct that served to stimulate further acts of ethical breach in the organisation. a)Environmental The four rules for ethical decision-making had been violated inside Boeing. Utilitarian rule the greatest good for the greatest number of people was not being pursued Moral rights rule decisions were not protecting th e fundamental rights and privileges of people Justice rule distribution of benefits were not fair, equitable, and impartial Practical rule people in society didnt not find these decisions and behaviours acceptable The breach of the environmental factors is supported by the complacency amongst the management that existed. Management was used to hiding behind bureaucracy, and there was a lack of effective and centralised leadership.Thus McDonnel-Douglas and Boeing was cultures were still evident in the same organisation. Management also had a culture of excess they went away on posh getaways for their executive breakouts, played golf, and closed down the bar. The culture in the organisation was a closed culture and a culture of silence. There was no whistle-blowing on ethics breaches. There was a general lack of attention to factors that create an enabling environment for productive and efficient work execution within ethical norms.Appropriate incentives were lacking and not in pla ce, when the company grew as a result of the merger, there was no strong central control or corporate governance which resulted in ethical breaches throughout the organisation. Also as a result of the merger, there remained internal conflicts and rivalries by the management teams which were not addressed, resulting in two cultures that didnt integrate and work together. This led to a number of challenges such as good ideas not being shared, and internal cost cutting measures being hindered. b)Breach of ethical conductThere were also breaches of ethical conduct which only served to perpetuate and entrench the rogue ethical culture The former CEOs relationship with his female Vice-President The abuse of attorney-client privilege in covering up internal studies Unethical pay discrepancy where females earned less than men at Boeing The theft of 250000 pages of proprietary documents Because self-interest can lead to a collective disaster when others are encouraged to follow suit, it is likely that these acts further the company as a collective in terms of its adopted culture and reputation. The lack of legislation banning some behaviours (e. g. iaisons and affairs with colleagues) may have contributed to such conduct. However, neither law or ethics are fixed principles, and the managers should have used the combination of individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics to guide their the behaviour and conduct. All in all, the standards by which the Boeing managers ought to have governed themselves in terms of their individual, organisational, occupational and societal ethics were violated, resulting in a tragedy of the commons, where the companys performance was compromised, and the company suffered a reputation loss (the publicised Palm Springs affair).Q3 What steps is the new CEO taking to change Boeings culture and make ethical behaviour the centre of attention (10)? McNerney embarked on a process to re-establish business ethics at Boeing, putting individual, organisational, occupational, and societal ethics back at the centre of decision-making. He confronted the unethical culture directly and head-on by giving a wake-up call to his executive management team at the companys annual executive retreat. This included the reading out of prison numbers at the retreat.He was honest and direct when telling the managers that they had gotten carried away with themselves. An important step was to encourage managers to talk about ethical lapses, and undo the culture of silence that permeated the company. He encouraged people to speak up and take the risk. McNerney paid attention to detail, including remembering employees names, to ensure that they feel important and valued, and thereby defusing the need to take ethical short-cuts in their work conduct and behaviour.Some of the direct tools he used to achieve his culture change was centralising leadership to exert more influence and control over the 3 divisions in Boeing. Also, he align ed pay to ethical values and behaviours, rewarding collaborations amongst teams and divisions, and rewarding those who were living Boeings values. These values included the promoting of integrity and the avoiding of abusive behaviour. McNerney realised that he had a direct influence on the culture he wanted to create and chose to lead by example.He adopted an understanding and caring type leadership style, asking less technical questions in meetings with staff, and focusing on the human element. This form of leadership quickly established trust. People were able to have faith and confidence in him, and as a result he wins praise from co-workers. He was able to salvage and restore Boeings reputation as a result of the combination of steps taken above. However, there was still room for improvement in that of adopting a change and transformation programme.Such a programme would have set very change objectives, been communicated throughout the organisation, and measures established to t rack progress towards the desired culture and ethical changes. Giving speeches about management virtue and then following through with concrete actions has a place on the change and transformation programme towards an ethical culture. McNerney could have also drawn-up a code a conduct for his team. This approach would have been more directive, and would have sent a clear and strong message in terms of the importance of ethical conduct and behaviour.