Juvenile Justice Chapters 1-4 Study Guide Essay

1 jejune furiousness is gener solelyy unrelated to doughnut formation and presence. ludicrous2The actual amount of upstart violence in the United States is unkn dedicate. certain3Property-offender recents account for virtually 10% of whole modern arrests annu on the wholey. dark4A policy of delaying teen penaltys works best for puerile rehabilitation. ill-considered5Juvenile motor hotels atomic number 18 the same as flagitious accosts. trumped-up(prenominal)6Juvenile motor inns cave in prosecutors and former(a) tourist cost personnel. authoritative7The new nicety remains does not resemble the wrong justice carcass. spurious8 unremarkably the same criteria ar employ to define teenage offenders in varied situate jurisdictions. delusive9Under p bens patriae, the king as independent acts to protect children and other dependents. true(a)10Juvenile justice has been advant durationously unaffected by alternative philosophies that differ from the reha bilitation emphasis. inconclusive11Juvenile courts ar unknown in around other alter countries passim the world. False12Over two jillion primeval dayss get it on into contact with the criminal justice establishmentannually. sure13in whiz case offenders argon placed in corrections, they atomic number 18 no longer in the criminal justice system. False14Jurisdiction is the power of a court to perceive a case. consecutive15 at that place argon about 1,000 police force enforcement festerncies in the United States. False16 just about all ordinances aimed at youthfuls argon side ordinances since they are not relevant for bountifuls. true(p)17Sheriffs deputies and city police officers are the rectitude enforcement officers who need the or so amount of contact with new-mades. confessedly18Juveniles who waylay late at night behindnot be taken into custody by police officers for whatsoever reason since loitering is not prohibited per se. False19The stage where information is obtained about teenage suspects, including their names, addresses, and ages, is called arraignment. False20Juveniles are not entitled to bail.False21ROR heart released on own recognizance. sure22Preconviction agreements between suspects and the state are known as indictments. False23Proceedings for establishing a trial date where a formal plea to charges is entered are alled arraignments. professedly24Exculpatory take the stand is evidence that scats to show the greater guilt of adefendant. False25Inculpatory evidence is favorable for defendants charged with iniquitys. True26 introductory hearings or examinations are usually conducted for the employment of determining probable cause. True27The standard of proof in modern proceeding is prevalence of the evidence. False28Beyond a reasonable doubt is to a greater extent(prenominal)over aplicable to criminal proceedings. False29Juveniles are not entitled in any jurisdiction to a trial by jury. False30Aggravatin g circumstances might include whether or not the youth coope ordain with police to help them detect and apprehend other offenders. False31A mitigating circumstance might be the mental health of the defendant. True32Corrections is all agencies and personnel who deal with convicted offenders. True33Probation is part of corrections.True34 reduce the number of jails is the cultivation of the jail removal initiative. False35Referrals of juveniles to juvenile court croup just be made by police officers. False36Parole is a conditional release from incarceration.True37Because of changes in the law, in that location are no longer any juveniles in heavy(a) jails. False38About half of all juvenile cases that set out before the juvenile court are handled informally. True39Petitions are documents directing police to arrest a extra juvenile. False40Police officers are prohibited by law from placing juveniles in jails, even so for short periods. False41 integrity reason juveniles are held in jails temporarily is that it is difficult to establish their true age on the fundament of their appearance. True42Neighbors of youths are prohibited by law from register complaints that might bring these youths to the attention of the juvenile court. False43 world arrested and taken into custody are the same thing.False44 economic consumption officers can order the incarceration of any juvenile to a long-term juvenile facility if the officers believe that the juvenile is guilty of a felony. False45Juvenile court prosecutors suck broad discreetnessary powers.True46An adjudicatory hearing is the juvenile equivalent of a criminal trial for an adult. True47Intake is usually presided over by the local juvenile court judge. False48Intake probation officers strain to screen the more serious juvenile offenders from the less serious unrivalleds. True49Intake officers consider both legal and extralegal factors in intake decisionmaking. True50A nominal penalisation might be a verba l warning or reprimand. True51Secure confinement is most closely associated with probation. False52Doing what is best for the children is consistent with the parens patriae doctrine. True53Official documents that call for a youths subsequent appearance in juvenile court and allege carious offenses are called petitions. True54Juvenile court proceedings are becoming increasingly adversarial. True55It is very a lot true that the greater the formality of a juvenile court proceeding, the harsher the punishment imposed by juvenile court resolve. True56A decision about the guilt or innocence of a juvenile is called a disposition. False57In most jurisdictions juvenile court judges have n early(a) absolute discretion to modulate how their crabbed court proceedings are conducted. True58Juveniles are convicted of offenses in juvenile court proceedings. False59An adjudication means that a juvenile will be incarcerated.False60All adjudications of juveniles mean that all juveniles who are a djudicated are inattentives. False61Over two million juveniles com into contact with the following system annually Criminal justice62Regarding decisions and discretion about juvenile offenders, intake officershave Considerable discretion63Which of the following are components of the criminal justice system? a) police enforcementb) Courtsc) Legislatured) All of the preceding(prenominal)64The word process is sometimes used to describe the criminal justice system. This is because the criminal justice system is a) a sequence of people-processing stages.b) by and large coordinated.c) fragmented.d) all of the above.65The power of courts to hear bad-tempered kinds of cases is called Jurisdiction66The monstrousst component of the criminal justice system isLaw enforcement67A conditional disposition would beProbation68The juvenile equivalent of an adult prison term is called a(n) Disposition69Juveniles may bea) arrested.b) taken to shelters and group homes.c) taken into custody.d) a ll of the above.70When juveniles are apprehended by police for suspicion and not necessarily for any particular offence, they are Taken into custody.71Obtaining ones name, address, fingerprints, photograph, and other vitalinformation is a part of what process? Booking72Detentions and secure confinement almost always followa) a determination of guiltb) intakec) adjudicationsd) none of the above73ROR meansReleased on own recognizance74Preconviction agreements involving guilty pleas ans favorable sentencing are Plea bargains75Defendants who are most kindredly to be released on ROR are those Who are employed, white, middle-class egg-producing(prenominal)s76Sureties that are posted to see ones subsequent appearance in court are called Bailbonds77Evidence that is favorable to the prosecution against a baseless defendant is called Inculpatory78Evidence that is favorable to the defense in a criminal case is called Exculpatory79Circumstances that might make the punishment imposed by a sentencing judge more blunt would be Aggravating80Determining that a offense was pull and that a particular person or persons probably extractted the villainy is Probable cause81Preliminary hearings are held primarily for the purpose of establishing Probable cause82The standard of proof in criminal proceedings isBeyond a reasonable doubt83Juries that determine ones guilt or innocence are called mebibyte juries84Circumstances that tend to lessen punishments imposed by judges during sentencing are Mitigating85The assemblage of agencies and persons who supervise offenders after court proceedings might believably be called Corrections86A conditional nonincarcerative alternative for a first offender convicted of a crime is Probation87A mitigating circumstance might bea) ones youthfulness.b) cooperating with police officers to detect other criminals c) mental illnessd) all of the above88An aggravating circumstance might beBeing a closed chain leader89The jail removal initiative is aimed atReducing or eliminating juvenile confinement in jails90Being taken into custody and being arrested areDifferent in meaning91Official documents filed with juvenile court that allege that a certain juvenile is deserted are called Petitions92A finding by a grand jury that a crime has been pull and that aparticular person may have committed the crime is called True saddle93A judgement in juvenile court is calledAdjudication94When a stern reprimand is given as a sentence in a juvenile court proceeding, the juvenile has been Adjudicated95A conditional diposition might bea) participation in group therapyb) honorarium of victim compensationc) society serviced) all of the above96Criminal informations are typically filed byProsecutors97An industrial schooltime placement of a juvenile is commensurate with what cause of placement for adult offenders? Prison98The standard of proof in juvenile courts, where juveniles are not in jeopardy of losing their liberty, is Preponderance of evidence99 greens law in the United States was derived fromEngland100Parens patriae meansThe father of the body politic101A standard definition of delinquencya) exists for all juridictionsb) is consistant throughout all states and the federal system c) limits delinquents to all those under age 18d) none of the above102Offenses committed by juveniles that would not be crimes if committed by adults are called Status offenses103It can be said of all juveniles delinquents that theyCommit crimes104Deinstitutionalization generally means toRemove juveniles from custodial institutions105In most jurisdictions, juveniles can be charged with crimes at age a) 18b) 20c) 19d) all of the above106Persons under the age of 7 were presumed capable of formulating criminal intent under common law. False107 roughhewn law emerged in the American colonies in the 1600s.False108A shire horse is the chief law enforcement officer of an incline country. False109Reeves are English countries.False110Chancellors were officials in England who administered the affairs fo the King in different remote areas. True111Transportation was a method used by England to rid itself of criminals. True112The Birdwell Workhouse was the first juvenile reformatory.False113 deplorable laws were used to incarcerate debtors for indefinite periods. True114The poor laws targeted the socioeconomically disadvantaged.True115 wholeness spokesperson of the voluntary slavery pattern is the apprenticed servant. True116The Hospital of St. Michael was the first hospital to treat juvenile diseases. False117The walnut tree Street Jail was known for its terrible living conditions for inmates. False118Solitary confinement is a recent concept created during the early forties in U.S. prisons. False119Child-savers were drawn largely from the lower socioeconomic classes. False120Hard-core delinquents were targeted for intercession in houses of refuge. True121The power of the state over the family in child custody cases was i llustrated in the case of Ex parte Crouse. True122The case of OConnell v. Turner had to do with child shout and neglect. False123The founder of Hull House was Jane Addams.True124Truants are persons who have run away from home and are considered untreatable. False125An example of voluntary servitude was the indentured servant. True126The first juvenile court was set up in Illinois in 899. True127By the end of the Korean War, only half of all states had juvenile courts. False128The Compulsory School turn of events created childrens tribunals.False129Prior to juvenile courts, juvenile affairs were administered largely by brotherly service agencies. True130Juvenile courts in most jurisdictions operate the same way.False131One of the most powerful philanthropic organizations of the eighteenth century upon correctional practices was the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries fo humankind Persons. True132Small communities were known for their Gesellschaft atmosphere. False 133Juveniles viewed as chattel meant that they were counted like so much farm property and livestock. True134Sweat shops secondhand juvenile labor during the late 1800s and early 1900s. True135throughout much of the 20th century, juveniles had little or no legal standing(a) in U.S. courts. True136Efficient juvenile offender proceedings is sometimes called actuarial justice. True137Jurisdiction usually refers to the power of a court to hear particular kinds of cases. True138For a majority of the states, the upper age limit for juvenile courts is 21. False139Status offenders would include all juveniles who commit acts that would becrimes if adults committed them. False140The power of juvenile court judges is such that juvenile delinquency may be whatever they say it is. True141The parens patriae doctrine has had little influence on juveniles and juvenile courts. False142The get-tough fecal matter is a response to perceived escalating juvenile violence by interested citizens. True143 In most juvenile courts, juveniles are convicted of various offenses following an adjudicatory hearing. False144Almost either juvenile court is a court of record.False145Juvenile court jurisdiction is the same among different local and state legislative definitions of juvenile offenders. False146All jurisdictions have the same lower age limits for juveniles. False147The most common age of accountability in the U.S. is 21.False148Delinquency is an act committed by a juvenile which would be a status offense if committed by an adult. False149Compared with tomboys, curfew violators tend to be more serious offenders. True150Virtually all romps are pretty much the same in wrong of their social and personal characteristics. False151Stigmas usually result in juveniles defining themselves as deviant ordelinquent. True152Truants and liquor law violators are more inclined to be chronic offenders compared with runaways. True153Stigmatization is closely associated with labeling theory.True1 54Staus offenders may become criminals if they violate court orders. True155Studies of runaway behavior show that most runaways are well adjusted youths who requisite to make it on their own. False156Decarceration means to separate juvenile delinquents from status offenders by placing them in different cells in juvenile prisons. False157 pleasure programs are especially helpful in the cases of dependent and neglected children. True158Under divestiture status offenders are removed from secure institutions. False159One unfavorable implication of DSO is net-widening.True160Recidivism is associated with the chronicity of offending.True161Self- publishs suggest that there is considerable career escalation from status offending to criminal offending. False162An Copernican factor associated with recidivism is frequent contact with juvenile courts. True163Contact with juvenile courts is believed by many experts to stigmatize youths with self-definitions of delinquency. True164Relabeling o ccurs when police officers relabel innocent juvenile behaviors and interpret them as delinquent behaviors. True165The alike umbrage Report typically underestimates the amount of juveniles offending. True166DSO has caused drastic increases in the rate of recidivism among juvenile offenders. False167An incident consists of multiple acts involving a single victim. False168A victimization is a single criminal act that affects a single victim. True169The theme abuse Victimization adopt is a compilation of reported by all law enforcement agencies. Falseone hundred seventyCleared by arrest means that someone has been arrested for a particular crime. True171One weakness of the UCR is that not all law enforcement agencies report crimes in the same way. True172Self-report information is believed to by some juvenile justice experts to be a more accurate indication of how much delinquency exists. True173The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics publishes no information about juvenile of fenses. False174Self-reports are reports filed by principals detailing the amount of crime committed by students on their campuses. True175One occupation with self-report information is that juveniles may exaggerate the amount of crime they commit. True176The subject field Youth Survey has been discounted oftentimes by professionals as an unreliable data source regarding juvenile offending behaviors. False177Self-reports of delinquency often acknowledge what has been termed hidden delinquency. True178A study of youths who reported that they smoked cigarettes frequently showed that many of these youths had not actually smoked cigarettes and had lied about this behavior. True179School violence has pretty much een eliminated as the result of more sophisticated surveillance systems in schools and closer student monitoring by police. False180Most school violence is fatal.False181There is a clear pattern of career escalation among status offenders who typically down to juvenile delin quency. False182Chronic tearing offenders are usually those juveniles who are arrested at least four or more times for violent offenses. True183The formation of gangs is a phenomenon almost exclusively confined to the large cities of Los Angeles, New York, Boston, ans Chicago. False184At-risk youth tend to have record problems and exhibit poor social adjustment. True185Gangs usually form on racial or ethnic lines.True186Juveniles who commit homicide are comparatively rare.True187About 50% of all youth deaths have been imputable to firearms. True188Pathways are developmental sequences over the course of ones adolescence. True189There are few, if any, differences between female and male delinquent offending patterns. False190Growing numbers of female juvenile are entering the juvenile justice system annually. True191The most common reason for females joining female gangs is for protection. True192Female quite an than male delinquents are more likely to receive paternalistic treat ment from juvenile court judges. True193A significant feature of early juvenile courts was their emphasis on Confidentiality194Common law was established during gothic England195Juvenile courts are courts ofLimited Jurisdiction196Referring to the juvenile justice system as a system is problematic for some juvenile justice professionals primarily because The juvenile justice system components are only loosely coordinated 197Below what age under English common law are children not held accountable for their actions? 7198A sheriff in early England was called aReeve199Indentured servants often entered servitude voluntarily for the purpose of Gaining qualifying to the new colonies200The Poor Laws were most closely associated withDebtors Prisons201Responsible for many of the jail and prison reforms in early England were the Quakers202The Walnut Street Jail was innovative in that ita) segregated male from female inmatesb) segregated more serious offenders for less serious onesc) created s olitary confinementd) all of the above203The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was sponsored by the Quakers204The Hospital of shrine Michael was a famousCorrectional facility in Italy to punish disorderly youths205The Hospital of Saint Michael was known for its use ofCorporal Punishment206The child-saving movement sought toProvide shelter to wayward youths207Houses of refuge targetedStatus Offenders208Ex parte Crouse dealt withFamily rights relating to the control of their children209 truancy statutes were aimed atYouths who avoided attending school210The Uniform detestation Reports publishes information abouta)juvenile delinquencyb)reported crimec)felonies and misdemeanorsd) all of the above211 concord to the Uniform discourtesy Reports, juvenile offense patterns are Different among most states212Self-reports of delinquency differ from reported delinquency in the Uniform discourtesy Reports in that self-reports disclose Higher delinquency than reported213The federal juvenile court is calledThe federal government has no juvenile court214Truancy isA status offense215In our current system of juvenile justice, a six- form-old murderer is likely to be Treated216A status offense for an adult offender would likely beVagrancy217What best typifies runaway behavior?It is difficult to explain.218The unsettling age of runaway behavior isThe first few days away from home219More inclined to become chronic offenders areTruants220Stigmas among certain juveniles result inUnfavorable labeling by others221Stigmatizing youths is believed to be one consequence ofFrequent contact with juvenile courts222Deinstitutionalizing status offenders meansRemoval of status offenders from institutions223Labeling theory has done much to account forq enjoyment224One of the most sweeping reforms in juvenile justice in recent years is DSO225Undre full divestiture juvenile court judges can do what to status offenders? a) place them on probationb) confine them to institutionsc) adjudicate themd) none of the above226Whenever police officers redefine innocent juvenile behaviors as delinquent behaviors, this process is Re-labeling227When certain youths are pulled into the juvenile justice system and community programs simply because those programs exist, this is known as Net-widening228One major problem with the Uniform Crime Reports is thatNot all agencies report crime regularly229An list offense would bea) arsonb) murderc) robberyd) all of the above230A crime punishable by more than one year of incarceration would be a Felony231The National Crime Victimization Survey is a reflection of the amount of a) aggravated assaults committed by juvenilesb) rapes committed by juvenilesc) murders committed by juvenilesd) none of the above232Crimes that are clean-cut by arrest usually lead toa) long jail termsb) convictionsc) short jail termsd) none of the above233Self-report information isa) potentially unreliableb) constitutionalc) voluntaryd) all of the above234When a crime is committed and a single victim is involved, it is called Victimization235The Uniform Crime Reports may reflecta) arrest statisticsb) police offender activityc) crime trendsd) all of the above236The Uniform Crime Reports reportArrests237Perhaps one of the most accurate statements we can make about the Uniform Crime Reports is that they Seriously underestimate the true amount of crimenationally238The National Youth Survey is an example of the use ofSelf-reports239Regarding the relation between the type of juvenile offending behavior and career escalation, the results of scientific research are Inconsistant240Self-reports are likely inaccurate becauseJuveniles tend to brag about cries they have not committed241Most school violence results innonlethal injuries242At-risk youths tend to bea) overachievers in schoolb) socially well-adjustedc) bountifuld) none of the above243Gangs tend to form alonga) racial linesb) sexual practice linesc) ethnic linesd) all of the above244Developmental sequences over the term of ones adolescence are called Pathways245Female juveniles tend toa) commit less violent actsb) have prior histories of physical or sexual abusec) be more passive in their offendingd) all of the above246One myth about female juvenile offenders is that much of their offending involves gaga offending247Theories have nothing to do with predicting social behaviors False248Theories may predict as well as explain.True249It is very likely that relationships exist between theories of delinquency and various types of juvenile delinquency hitch programs. True