Multiple Choice Questions Essay

1. Which of the following is true about a TCP/IP network? The network uses standards defined in TCP/IP RFC’s plus other standards. 2. Which of the following terms is not a common synonym for TCP/IP model? Ethernet / TCP/IP Mapping 3. Think generically about the idea of a networking standard, ignoring any particular standard or standards group. Which of the following is typically true of a standard? It exists as a written document / it has been passed through some form of review and approval or certification process 4. Contrast an international standard as compared to a de facto standard? De facto standard documents have been reviewed more thoroughly. / De Facto standards typically mean that the standards group has been authorized by many countries to create standards that apply to multiple countries 5. Which of the following are true about the commonly used version of the TCP/IP model as shown in this chapter? The data link layer sits lower in the model than the transport layer. / The physical layer sits just below the data link layer 6. The TCP/IP model refers to standards other than those the IETF defines in RFC’s. Which of these standards groups is typically the source of external LAN standards? IEEE / ANSI 7. Which of the following is not a typical reason for a group of ten companies to start a vendor group, for the purpose of pushing a new networking technology? To keep intellectual property rights to the technology inside the company 8. The TCP/IP and OSI models have some obvious differences, like the number of layers. Think about the more commonly used version of the TCP/IP model discussed in this chapter, and then think about how to talk about TCP/IP using OSI terms. Which of the following is a correctly phrased statement for  how to use OSI terminology? IP is a network layer protocol 9. Historically, which of the following models were the earliest models used in corporate networks? TCP/IP 10. Which of the following statements is true when comparing the OSI and the TCP/IP model as defined in RFC 1122? 11. A network engineer connects two PCs (PC1 and PC2) using Ethernet NICs and an Ethernet cable that has copper wires inside. The two PCs communicate successfully. Which of the following happens when PC1 sends bits to PC2? 12. A TCP/IP network includes an Ethernet LAN with 10 PCs uses a LAN switch. PC1 sends data intended for an app running on PC2. Which of the following mechanisms does Ethernet define so that PC2 receives and processes the data? The Ethernet header lists PC2’s MAC address so that PC2 will realize that the data is meant for PC2 13. Two network pros are having a conversation about some issues in a network. They discuss some issues related to how PPP forwards data, so they happen to be discussing the data structure that includes the PPP header and trailer. Which of the following terms do they use? Packet 14. Which of the following are true facts about IP addresses? Are listed in the data-link trailer and used by routers to make a forwarding decision 15. Which of the following answers is true about Ethernet MAC addresses? All of the above. 16. Witch of the following statements is true comparing LANs and WANs? LANs generally connect devices that are nearer to each other, compared to WANs. WANs are purchased, and LANs are leased. 17. Which of the following answers list true facts about the data link layer of the TCP/IP? Two TCP/IP data-link protocols are Ethernet and PPP. Data-link protocols define addresses that identify devices connected to the underlying physical link. 18. Which of the following answers list true facts about the network layer of TCP/IP? Two TCP/IP data-link protocols are Ethernet and PPP. Data-link protocols define addresses that identify devices connected to the underlying physical link. 19. Which of the following answers lists true facts about the transport layer of ICP/IP? None of the answers are correct. 20. A PC user opens a web browser and sends a request to a web server to load a new web page. Three routers forward the data as it passes from client to server. Consider the data plus all headers and trailers that go from the web client to the web server. Which of the following headers go all the way from the web client to the web server? Network layer header, Application layer header and Data-link header. Define Key Terms TCP/IP network- It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because it’s most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first networking protocols defined in this standard Networking standard- record the details of exactly what a new networking technology does, and how it does what it does. Networks do not work if the pieces do not work together, and standards help everyone agree on how something works so that it works well within the network. TCP/IP model- defines a large set of standards, which, when implemented together, create a safe and useful network. Open networking model- shares the details so that any vendor can make products using those standards. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model- a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the internal functions of a communication  system by partitioning it into abstraction layers. Encoding- Creates something like a spoken language that uses electricity Header- A place to store a message that needs to flow through the network with the user data that precedes the data. Trailer- A place to store a message that needs to flow through the network with the user data that follows the data. Leased line- the equivalent of a cable directly between tow remote sites. Internet Protocol (IP) – Lists the rules so that the network can forward data from end to end through the entire TCP/IP network. IP address- identifies a device in a TCP/IP network. IP routing- Defines exactly how routers makes their choices of how to forward data in a TCP/IP network. Frame- Refers to encapsulated data that includes the data-link header and trailer, plus everything in between. Packet- refers to what sits between the data-link hearer and trailer, but not including the data-link header and trailer.

Economic Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic Efficiency - Essay Example Using another angle, this paper also takes a look at research done within industrial organisations and related issues of economic efficiency, profits and lower costs, as also biotechnological changes, genetic resources and legal issues within economics and industrial settings. The focus however is on economic efficiency and resources that would be suitable within industrial organisations. This discussion would focus on an analysis of property rights, genetic resources and biotechnological changes considering the paper by Roger Sedjo (1992). In the paper Sedjo argues that genetic constitution of plants and animals would provide important information on development of natural products such as drugs and pharmaceuticals as well as the applications of biotechnology. The potential of genetic resources as repositories of genetic information has been immense. Many anticancer drugs have been developed from plants found in tropical forests and there is a lot of potential for such drugs. The st udy by Sedjo deals with wild genetic resources and their uses as well as biotechnological change, with genetic resources having elements of private and public goods. The protection and distribution of genetic resources is a major issue and closely associated with issues of property rights and public good. ... The property rights issues and the economics with regard to effective maintenance of wild and natural genetic resources could also be studied. Sedjo points out to the importance of social values in halting a process of extinction of genetic resources through habitat destruction and deforestation. Useful attributes are changed through biotechnological innovation in certain cases and certain developing countries have faced criticism for not appreciating the values of forests and biological diversity and for not protecting the forests and the environment. Genetic resources are considered both private and public and even considered as a store of knowledge. Genetic resources are however best analysed with R&D problems and variations. The economic efficiency of resources could be examined in terms of consumption as more one person consumes, the less resources are available to other people for consumption but this would be applicable to phenotypes of private goods. In case of genotypes or public goods, one person's consumption may not affect the amount available to others. However both genotypes or phenotypes can give consumption access to some individuals and exclude others. This according to Sedjo is applicable to property rights in case of improved varieties of plants and animals. So, how a sustainable environment and economic efficiency could be derived from wild plants and animals or genetic resources is understood in terms of three types of uses of wild plants and animals as such plants or animals could be consumed directly or can be a source of organic compounds. They can be used for the production of natural or herbal drugs. These plants and animals and their compounds could be used for the synthesis of chemicals and compounds

Psychosocial Needs of Patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychosocial Needs of Patients - Essay Example This means the illness-associated events that create problem through the patient's perception and responses may lead to care needs of addressing unmet psychosocial needs in order to ensure healing. In this assignment, I will discuss and critically analyse a care incident delivered by me to a patient. I was assigned the care of the patient in my placement in a hospital ward. This assignment will frequently refer to this patient, whose identity will remain undisclosed throughout this work. Thus, this patient will be referred to anonymously, although to facilitate ease of discussion, a pseudonym, Mrs. Jennings, will be used to address her. This requirement of confidentiality and identity nondisclosure is an ethical requirement in healthcare associated professional and academic documentation as prescribed and required by NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) guidelines, competency standards, and practice ethical standpoints to respect the client confidentiality (NMC, 2008). As suggested this assignment would very closely examine the episode of care provided by me from the psychosocial angles, mainly to see if the care provided by me during her hospitalization took adequate care of t he psychological and social needs of this patient. These can be examined more closely from the policy perspectives of the need for adding psychosocial elements in care. Therefore, relevant policy will also be examined in order to justify conformity in practice. Definitions Haralambose and Holborn (2008) defined sociology to be a science involving study of human being in the context of society where impact of relevant economics, psychology, and demography is given due consideration in the endeavour to explain and understand the human behaviour in the societal scenario. From that point of view, sociology is a broad discipline where various methods of empirical investigations and critical analyses are deployed to define a body of knowledge and theory about human and social activities, with a goal often being application of such knowledge in the pursuit of social welfare (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008). On the other hand, psychology has been defined by Michael (1998) to be a discipline that studies mind and behaviour of individuals in different life contexts which also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion and behaviour (Michael, 1998) in response to different experiences that they encounter. Main Body Psychological and social factors have been known to play important roles in initiation and progression of any disease process. As a care provider, the nurse must understand their nature and intensity. Since these are known to affect motivation, these will affect the outcome of care. Longstanding suffering or advanced illnesses disturb the psychosocial milieu sufficiently so the patient may be disturbed motivationally. These could cause psychological maladjustment and affect the course of the disease in a profoundly negative way. A thorough assessment of these situations and the factors is therefore necessary, and being in a position of provider of care the nurse must assess these factors keeping the

Gibbs Paradox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gibbs Paradox - Essay Example : For a solid structure of perfect symmetry (e.g., a perfect crystal), the information I is zero and the (information theory) entropy S is at the maximum. If entropy change is information loss, ?S = I , the conservation of L can be very easily satisfied, ?L = ?S + ?I = 0 . Another form of the second law of information theory is: the entropy S of the universe tends toward a maximum. The second law given here can be taken as a more general expression of the Curie-Rosen symmetry principle [5,6]. The third law given here in the context of information theory is a reflection of the fact that symmetric solid structures are the most stable ones. Indistinguishable Particles:- Two particles are called identical if the values of all their inner attributes agree. H must be so constituted that the transposition of two identical particles is defined for every vector in H (quantum case) or every phase space point in H (classical case), respectively. Two identical particles are called indistinguisha ble if every pure quantum state (every classical microstate) is invariant under transposition of these two particles; otherwise the two particles are called distinguishable. Two non-identical particles are always considered distinguishable. Resolution of the paradox in terms of Indistinguishable particles:- In the preceding section as I discussed about indistinguishable particles (Two particles are said to be indistinguishable if they are either non-identical, that is, if they have different properties, or if they are identical and there are microstates which change under transposition of the two particles.) The GP1 is demonstrated and subsequently analyzed. The analysis shows that, for (quantum or classical) systems of distinguishable particles, it is generally uncertain of which... The GP1 is demonstrated and subsequently analyzed. The analysis shows that, for (quantum or classical) systems of distinguishable particles, it is generally uncertain of which particles they consist. The neglect of this uncertainty is the root of the GP1. For the statistical description of a system of distinguishable particles, an underlying set of particles, containing all particles that in principle qualify for being part of the system, is assumed to be known. Of which elements of this underlying particle set the system is composed differs from microstate to microstate. Thus, the system is described by an ensemble of possible particle compositions. The uncertainty about the particle composition contributes to the entropy of the system. Systems for which all possible particle compositions are equiprobable will be called harmonic. Classical systems of distinguishable identical particles are harmonic as a matter of principle; quantum or classical systems of non-identical particles are not necessarily harmonic, since for them the composition probabilities depend individually on the preparation of the system.

William Hill Plc acquired 624 betting shops of Stanley Leisure an Coursework

William Hill Plc acquired 624 betting shops of Stanley Leisure an Evaluation - Coursework Example The researcher states that there are different forms of growth approaches that companies generally follow. Typically if a company wants to make growth, then in such circumstances the company has two choices whether to go for an organic growth or to go for acquisition or a combination of both. For organic growth, the companies generally expand their business operations by opening up new branches, adding up new product lines etc. On the other hand, for acquisitions, the companies generally purchase an existing business such that the company owns that business and in this way it brings expansion in its existing business operations. Capital budgeting is a tool which is used to evaluate the financial viability of the projects whether in the form of organic growth or in acquisitions. In this technique the future cash flows are estimated including both the outflows and the inflows pertaining to that project after which net cash flows are computed. Those net cash flows are discounted by a re levant cost of capital of the company to arrive at the present values of all the net cash flows. Those net cash flows are then summed up to obtain the Net Present Value of the project. The NPV is then used as a tool to decide whether a project is feasible or not such that if the NPV figure is positive, then the project should be accepted and if it comes as a negative figure, then that project is advised as not to be accepted. Capital budgeting also has some other related criteria for checking the viability of the projects. ... The NPV is then used as a tool to decide whether a project is feasible or not such that if the NPV figure is positive, then the project should be accepted and if it comes as a negative figure, then that project is advised as not to be accepted. Capital budgeting also has some other related criteria for checking the viability of the projects. Those criteria include Internal Rate of Return, Profitability Index, Discounted Payback and other similar techniques. Most of these techniques work on the basic principle of discounted cash flows. These financial projections and the computation of NPV are generally prepared by the finance departments of the companies and they are used for internal reporting purposes. Those kinds of information are not disclosed to the general public because these valuations can certainly influence the share price of the company as there are likelihoods that investors may welcome those valuations and in this way share prices can be increased. If the valuations are not consistent with shareholders’ expectations, then there comes a decline in the share prices. If the projects are not likely to influence the existing operations and financial results of the company, then the shareholders might remain indifferent as to which way they should react. In case of acquisitions, generally when the terms and conditions of the purchase are settled, then some of the details of the proposed acquisitions are disclosed to the shareholders. The company does not provide them the comprehensive financial prospects and projections of the acquisition deal, rather it provides the necessary information to the shareholders such as purchase price, amount of goodwill, total amount of synergies that can be obtained from the acquisition, the capital

Europe in the International Economic Order Research Paper

Europe in the International Economic Order - Research Paper Example The European Union was formed with the aim of strengthening the economic and political powers of the European countries and emerge as an international superpower. The emergence of the Euro is also a part of this project. Euro was introduced as a common currency for the participating European nations to remove the exchange rate risks within the internal market, to boost up trade across nations and most importantly to bring in monetary stability in Europe. (Fedee, n.d.) Another major purpose was to challenge the increasingly monopolistic power of the currency dollar as a single international currency and to rescue its members from the fluctuations of the dollar. The introduction of Euro has been the most important development in the international economy; it has become the major medium of trade especially in the euro area and other European countries. â€Å" Euro has played a major role in fostering harmony among diverse economies, which had conflicting monetary and fiscal policies, t ariffs and other restrictions on trade and investments† quotes Haruhiko Kuroda, head of Asian Development Bank at this years Brussels Economic forum (Vucheva, 2009). The Eurozone formed covering 11 countries in 1999, â€Å"Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland† (Q&A: Euro basics, 2002). Greece was allowed to join only after 2001, later Slovenia Malta and Cyprus followed the suit, Slovakia became the 16th country to join the group. (Vucheva, 2009) Joining Eurozone it had the advantage of trading its inflation prone home currency to the stable Euro. It also gained an upper hand in the borrowing activities, which led to an increase in liquidity in the market which in turn improved the standard of living of the Greek citizens. Loans for individuals, governments as well as corporate houses were available at very low-interest rates, which are available only among the developed nations like Germany.  

Company- Samsung Electronics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company- Samsung Electronics - Essay Example 2. BRIEF HISTORY Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. was established in 1969. It was one of the top divisions of the Samsung Group which was founded by Byung-Chull Lee. The name Samsung meant in Korea as "three stars." His first line of business was sugar refinery. Then few years later, Lee entered the manufacturing business. He also built other lines of businesses in 1960s such as insurance, broadcasting, securities and department stores. On late 1960s, Samsung Electronics began its operations with the help of some American, European, and Japanese manufacturers. As the company entered into the world of electronics, they made a huge investment to train their employees about the technologies used at the same time partnered with several overseas companies to make it possible (Funding Universe, n.d.). The 1970s period marked the beginning of Samsung's competitive vision to be the world's top contender in manufacturing electronics. The company's pride was the development of various electronics items which include semiconductors, computers, telecommunications hardware and finished consumer electronics products (Samsungn.d.a). In 1980s, the company expanded their business in the form of exports and partnering with other big companies and other suppliers of technology from other countries. They made huge sales and profits from export. In 1990s, the company experienced crisis in which it rooted from the crisis that the Korean government went through during the 1997 International Monetary Fund crisis. However, the company made a full stand during the crisis by adopting a series of restructuring as a form of rescue operation. The company was successful on their risky move. In the new millenium, the company spread even more their vision as they proclaimed to the world their plan of becoming the world's top producer and exporter of digital electronics. 3. SCOPE OF ITS INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 3.1 GOVERNMENT VS. INDUSTRY â€Å"Industrial transformation is the process in which an industry changes its production technology, market distribution, product scope, and location† (Shin & Ho, 1997). Government policies are among the factors that affect the transformation (Shin & Ho, 1997). On January 28, 1969, the Electronics Industry Promotion Law was enacted by the Korean government. This law was to promote major electronics export industry by developing new technology products and increase sales activities outside the country (Amsden, 1989). On that year also, development and training with tax incentives, low-cost loans and direct subsidies promotion were provided by the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI). Samsung, as one of the chaebols (domestic conglomerates), was one of the companies who received these benefits from the government (Dedrick & Kraemer, 1998). 3.2 DEVELOPMENTS WITH JOINT VENTURES AND COLLABORATIONS 3.2.1 SAMSUNG’S ENTRY TO ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY - 1970s. After the SEC was established, the company was able to form a joint venture agre ement with foreign companies. First was Sanyo and Sumitomo Trading with 40% and 10% respectively as well as with NEC and Sumitomo Trading. The Samsung-NEC employees went to training in Japan for couple of months to learn the simple products assembly and with the technical assistance agreement; those employees will undergo training annually by NEC's technical experts. Futhermore, with the emergence of Samsung-Sanyo Parts in March 1973, the company was able to produce television parts with tuners, deflection yokes, transformers and