Street gangs in the UK and US

Street gangs in the UK and USToday, the problem of highway gangs affects both the US and the UK. The emergence of gangs is often accompanied by the carryency to the change of gang demographics, including the change of the season of gangs members, ethnic reservoir of gang members and so on. Historically, roadway gangs in the US and the UK developed in isolation from severally other and they did not intersect in their nefarious activities. Law enforcement agencies in the US and the UK used different methods of struggle against avenue gangs but both criminal justice systems in the UK and the US hightail ited to the punitive methods of struggle. Remarkably outcomes of such struggle were similar and what is more this struggle was not very effective. Thus, highroad gangs kept emergence and progressing in both the US and the UK. As a result, today, they represent a serious threat to the existing social order because lane gangs be trusty for high street offense range and viol ence, especially in large cities of both the US and the UK. In such a situation, a widely-spread belief that the fleshly distance and historical separation of street gangs in the US and the UK is growing popular. However, in developedity, street gangs in the US and the UK, being quite different tend to be quite similar because of the similar causes of their origin and because of the current trend to globalization which eliminates cultural differences between countries, while crime has always being in the avant-garde of the international integration of countries.Similarities between street gangs in the US and UKOn analyzing the development of street gangs in the US and UK, it is possible to trace accredited similar trends. For instance, one of the most disturbing trends concerning the development of street gangs is the growth of crime rates. In this respect, it is possible to refer to upstart studies dedicated to the problem of street gangs in the US and the UK.According to one o f the recent studies (Youth Violence, 2007), it is possible to reveal several key facts that indicate to the trend of gangs and crimes in the US growing young and committed by gangsIn 1998, among youth ages 10 to 19 in the United States, there were 2,054 suicides, and suicide was the third leading cause of closing for that age group. Male youth were more than four cadences more likely than females to complete suicide.More than 60 percent of youth suicides in 1998 were firearm-related suicides.From 1993 to 1998, suicide rates for teens ages 15 to 19 dropped by 18 percent.In 1998, among youth ages 10 to 19 in the United States, there were 2,570 homicide deaths, and homicide was the second leading cause of death for that age group. Male youth were more than four times more likely than females to be murdered.From 1993 to1998, homicide rates for teens ages 15 to 19 dropped by 43 percent. honorable as homicides and suicides decreased from 1993 to 1998, nonfatal firearm injuries from cr ime declined 49 percent, and firearm injuries from suicide attempts decreased by 48 percent in that same time periodAt the same time, the study conducted in the UK (Street Robberies Soar by 28%), revealed the fact that there are several key areas where reported crime is on the rise areViolent crime up 11% to 812,000 incidentsMurders up 4% to 886 and attempted murders up 21% to 858Robbery up 28% to more than 121,000 incidents, including a 31% rise in robbery of personal property.Rapes up 14%Soliciting up 60%In such a way, it is provable that both street crimes tend to grow in both the US and the UK.However, the growth of crime rates does not necessarily imply the similarity of street gangs. In this respect, the location, where street gangs operate is much more important. In this regard, the location of street gangs in the US and the UK is also similar. To put it more precisely, one of the recent studies conducted in the UK by Hill (2007) reveals the fact that street gangs are locat ed in the largest cities of the country. To put it more precisely, according to Hill (2007) the violence racking Britains cities is as followsManchesterDoddington Boys, Pitt Bull Crew, Pepperhill Gang, Gooch Close Gang, Longsight Crew. All based around the Moss Side area from where they have been fighting a vicious turf war since the Nineties.LiverpoolCroxteth Crew are the rivals of the Strand Crew from Norris Green. Liam Smith, 19, alleged leader of the Strand Crew, was shot dead last year.BirminghamThe Burger Bar Boys gang were responsible for the killings of Letisha Shakespeare and Charlene Ellis in 2003.LondonThe A Team, The Bombers, knockhams Clap Town Boys, Peckhams Blood Set and the PDC in Brixton which claims to have renounced violence are all established gangs. Recently a number of immigrant gangs have come to the fore.Nottingham 2 members of the Waterfront Gang were jailed for life in October 2005 after being convicted of the drive-by murder of a schoolgirl.The similar location is typical for street gangs in the US. The FBI (1996) reports that violent street gangs are active in 94% of the medium- and large-sized cities in the United States ( some(prenominal) of these cities have up to 40 different gangs), and that gang membership exceeds 400,000. More worrisome than the actual number of street gangs, however, is their rate of growth. (In 1991, there were an estimated 249,324 gang members.) This exponential increase is also apparent from the number of US cities reporting gang involvement (before 1961 = 54 up to 1970 = 94 up to 1980 = 172 up to 1992 = 766) (Klein, 1993), and escalating violence attributed to gang activity (Gangs in the United States, 2004). Obviously, street gangs in the US and the UK are located in large cities mainly. Small towns are not vulnerable to the development of street crimes.Difference between street gangs in the US and the UKIn spite of translucent similarities, street gangs in the US and the UK are quite different. In this respect, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that the development of street gangs in the US occurs on the ethnic or racial ground. For instance, many street gangs especially in Southern states of the US involve members of the Latin American origin, or African Americans or other minorities, whereas vacuouss are not inclined to the creation of gangs. In this respect, it is worth mentioning the fact that street gangs in the US exist in the inner(a) city mainly, which is populated by minorities such as African Americans, Latin Americans, Asian Americans and others.As for the UK, the ethnic distinction of street gangs is not so obvious. Representatives of the white majority are often gang members and the belongingness to a street gang does not necessarily mean that its members are representatives of minorities, which is the characteristic of street gangs in the US. Instead, many British street gangs consist of representatives of the poor or people originating from families of workers and other low-paid employees. In such a way, social standing is prior to ethnic origin in regard to the street gang membership in the UK.The common ground for street gangs in the US and UKOn analyzing similarities and differences between street gangs in the US and the UK, it should be said that similarities prevail and, what is more important, street gangs in the US and the UK are sooner similar than different. What is meant here is the fact that the causes of the origin of street gangs are similar in the US and the UK. One of the major causes of the emergence of street gangs in the US and the UK is the poverty which pushes community members to street gangs where they find rampart and support which they cannot find in their families, or from the part of the state. Furthermore, the pauperization of the population in large and medium-size cities leads to the marginalization is often determined by their unemployment, which is another grammatical constituent that increases the social tension and forces people to join street gangs.In addition, it is important to take into consideration the role of globalization which eliminates cultural barriers between countries and street gangs tend to become homogeneous to a certain extent. In a long-run perspective, this trend will grow stronger. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that street gangs are influenced by the modern culture and shape the modern culture to the extent that there are stereotypes which force people to join gangs because they believe that street gangs obtain them power and protection.Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to lay emphasis on the fact that street gangs in the US and the UK are rather similar than different. Street gangs in the US and the UK emerge because of the desperate social position of their members. In addition, globalization makes values and culture of different countries closer and street gangs become closer too. Therefore, street g angs of the US are similar to those of the UK.

Concepts and principles of business to business marketing

Concepts and principles of business to business marketingThe purpose of this paper is to discuss business-to-business marketing conveys a special, unique set of marketing conceits and principles versus business-to-business marketing is really no that different and the underlying marketing concepts and principles apply. The basic concepts and principles for business-to-consumer have been studied and the researcher agreed that the basic marketing and principles do apply. However, the masking and implementation of the marketing strategy may need to be attuned to the nature of business-to-business hazardivity.Business-to-business (B2B) can be explained as business that sells products or provides armed service to other businesses. These organisations in turn, may re-sell the products and function to final consumers or they may use the products or function as an input for manufacturing of final consumer ripes or use it provide services to final consumers or government that use these products and services to serve the society. While B2B activity may exist in both traditional form and online, the acronym B2B is ordinarily refer to the online variety (Jobber, 2007, p. 19).Whereas Business-to-Consumer (B2C) is defined as business that sells products or provide services to final consumers. These consumers can be either individuals or family units and these products or services is purchased for own consumption purposes. Although B2C activity may exist in both traditional form and online, the acronym B2C is generally refer to the online variety (McDaniel, et al., 2006, p. 196).Modern marketing concept can be defined as identifying and meeting targeted consumer needs and wants better than the competitor, for the benefit of the organisation and its stakeholders. Therefore, the function of marketing management will include formulating and implementing a suitable marketing strategy to achieve organisation goals through satisfied customers (Kotler Keller, 2009, p. 45).To understand the marketing function, vender needs to understand the core marketing concepts the turnout concepts, the product concepts, the selling concepts, the marketing concepts, holistic concepts and societal marketing concepts.1In order to forgather the targeted consumers, the marketer needs to understand the market purlieu and the consumer. Based on this understanding, a association will work out a market mix and develop suitable marketing activities and deliver the shelter to the consumer. The traditional marketing mix consists of four elements product, set, promotion and place (4-Ps). However, marketing in todays business world has evolved. It is important for todays marketer to include three additive Ps people, change and physical evidence (Jobber, 2007, p. 19).One of the crucial exercise while developing marketing strategy, marketer will need to evaluate the ships companys general strength, weakness, opportunity and threats. This constructive methodology i s also known as the SWOT abridgment.It is recognised that from the basic marketing concepts and the marketing mix which have been mentioned earlier, there is a crucial element which a marketer must remember consumers. Consumers may be divided into two categories final/ultimate consumers and organisational consumers. However, they are both the reservoir of revenue for the organisation. They are the targeted people which the marketer would need to satisfy, in order to make the sales. Therefore, the basic marketing concepts and principles may be applied to both types of consumers. notwithstanding adaptation of the targeted consumer type is needed.The 4-Ps is a useful marketing tool in determining the marketers trade channels and their final consumers. The Product element in the 4-Ps is where the company needs to choose what type of product or service to provide to a group of customer, in order to satisfy their wants. This is especially crucial in new product development. A product may be in the form of physical goods, such as mobile phones, isotonic drink, LED television receiver and etc. Service is intangible benefits that a company or individual can offer to the customers, such as financial consultant, medical care, and etc (Kotler, et al., 2003, p. 17).2 value is one of the most important components in the 4-Ps. This is due to the fact that it signifies the benefits that the company will receive from the sale of products and services. As compared to other elements of the 4-Ps, which represent costs. It is crucial for company to determine the most suitable pricing of its product. This is because product price may influence the purchasing decision of the buyer. Some companies may opt for lower price strategy by offering a lower price version of the homogeneous product offered by competitor (McDaniel, et al., 2006, p. 196).Promotion is the means for a marketer to communicate with the targeted customer, to enable the awareness of the product existence and a vail susceptibility. Marketer will be compulsory to decide the channel of promotional activities suited for the product or service its offering. Some larger companies may choose television advertisement as the promotional activity, because it is able to cover wide audiences in a extravagant way. Some companies with a lesser resources may choose internet as their promotional tools, where the cost is lower and it is not limited by geographical bounce (Elliot, et al., 2008, p. 34).Place involves ensuring the products and services is available to the targeted customers. Marketer needs to decide on the distribution channels and the management of the product location, transportation and etc. A good distribution method is able to create competitive advantage for the company. This is apparent in the case for Dell computers (Kotler, et al., 2003, p. 17).People play an important role in todays business. The quality of service by the companys employee very much influence customers impressio n on the companys product. This is particularly essential to the service industry. Potential customer may offer away from a purchase if they feel that they receive ill-treatment from the sales staff. Study has shown that a company is able to generate more sales by improving customer service (Mathe and Shapiro, 1993).Physical evidence represents the ambience where the service is being carried out. The physical milieu, decoration and colour which are visible to the targeted customers have the ability to affect the customers decision (Kotler Keller, 2009).3Process is the flow of activity or the medium of transaction where customers obtain services. Process decisions completely influence how the company delivers the service to the customer.It is understood that in order to establish a suitable marketing mix, a company must understand its targeted customer. And this customer can be divided during the process of market segmentation and target marketing. A company should be able to diff erentiate its customer base whether they are final consumer (B2C) or organisational consumer (B2B). afterwards identifying this, the same seven Ps may be applied to targeted consumers. Coviello and Brodie (2001) found that existing business process for both B2C and B2B companies is bear on with managing the marketing mix to appeal customers. This is also known as transaction marketing. Either final consumer or organisational consumer, the marketer should consider all the seven elements in marketing mix to make headway on the most suitable marketing strategy.Some might argue that basic marketing concepts are suitable for a B2C environment. However, study has shown that even world-wide company like Levi Strauss (a renown clothing brand, specialise in jeans) needs to make certain adaption in developing its marketing mix. By understanding for each one countrys local cultural, physical environment, legal issues, and etc Levi Strauss is able to apply the right marketing mix to the r ight consumer group (Vrontis Vronti, 2004).4Further the seven Ps, the SWOT analysis of the company is also important to the marketer. The analysis examines the companys internal environment (strengths and weaknesses) and external environment (opportunities and threats). By knowing the companys resources and capabilities, it is possible to turn weaknesses into strengths. Knowing the market environment and trends, it is possible to convert threats into opportunities.SWOT analysis is not limited to certain type of business or consumer. It is about the study of the companys internal and external environment. Therefore, this same basic concept is applicable to both B2B and B2C companies (Elliot, et al., 2008, p. 34).Todays business environment is very dynamic a marketer should realise that the older marketing concepts is insufficient for a successful marketing strategy. In order to have a more comprehensive strategy, marketers have adopted the Holistic marketing concept. It is the conce pt that accepts everything matters in marketing, wide outlook of the business environment is necessary for successful marketing campaign. It is concern with relationship marketing, integrated marketing, internal marketing and performance marketing (Baines, et al., 2008, p. 12).5The holistic marketing concept is another evident that shows it does not limit to B2C environment, and the basic concept can be applied to B2B environment. However, close to adaption may be required during the application and implementation process.Study has indicated that marketing comprises the whole business as a result, it includes top management, administration, production, finance and other functional departments. market-oriented management signifies todays business environment. A company who recognises this phenomena would be able to swift its organisation to a more competitive edge performing better than its competitor (Polese, 2004).It has been established earlier that basic marketing concepts and principles apply to both B2B and B2C business environment, only the application of the marketing strategy needs to be adapted accordingly. The objective of marketing is to identify and satisfy the needs and wants of targeted customers, better than the competitor. The targeted customers of B2B are the organisational buyers. Business marketer faces the same challenges of consumer marketer. However, there a few aspects of business market which are undoubtedly differ from consumer market (Baines, et al., 2008, p. 659).6It was found that organisations in USA, Argentina and New Zealand still uses the traditional four marketing mix as a general guide in their marketing practices. Although the new modern marketing concepts are included in their effort to reach out to targeted customers. Some countries may uses transaction marketing, or some may opt for network marketing. It shows that basic marketing concepts are applicable to both B2B and B2C (Pels, et al., 2004).In order to the understan ding of business market, the marketer should be concerned about the buying process of the organisation. The organisational buying process has a few stages more than of consumer buying process. There are eight stages involved, please see project 4 below.Understanding the difference between business market and consumer market is necessary. Lilien (1987) argued that B2B market is distinctive due to several reasons. The business market generally has few and larger buyers, i.e. the purchase quantity will be large. And the buyer is unable to take any risk of errors, because it may be part of the organisations cost thriftiness strategy. The difference between consumer and business marketing were also documented by Simkin (2000). Simkin believed that business market is conventionally involves the business market structure and market demand the nature of the buying unit within the organisation and the type of decisions and the decision process involved (Kotler et al., 2001). Hakansson (et al., 1976) also characterise B2B companies as containing a lot of customers and require to be handled individually.7There is close relationship between supplier and customer. As argued by Gruen (1995), B2B marketing is motivated very much by relationship. From strategical aspect of business, it is more beneficial to the company to maintain its current customer, compared to attracting a new customer. The long term customer who is satisfy with the companys service may act as the ambassador to the company spreading the goodwill of the company which may encourage new customers (Cann, 1998).A research into organisational buying behaviour done by Sheth (1996) has shown the organisation behaviour is changing from a transaction-centred to a relational-centred value. Adaptation is needed from the traditional marketing concepts. This is crucial in order to provide the right products and services to the targeted consumers (Hallen et al., 1991).Professional purchasing, this may consist of a t eam of procurement staff or a few business units. Multiple buying influences, whereby buying process is required to go through several formal and legal documentations and approval. Multiple sales calls derived demand inelastic demand fluctuating demand geographically concentrate buyers and direct purchasing.Although both business market and its buying process contrast dramatically from that of consumer market, the basic market concepts and principles is still applicable which is meeting and satisfying customers needs. just now adaptation to the targeted organisational buyer may be needed.In summary, a special and unique sets of marketing concepts and principles is not necessary for B2B, only application process may be adapted.8List of ReferencesBaines, P., Fill, C. and Page, K., 2008, Marketing, Oxford University Press, New York.Cann, C.W., 2004 Eight Steps to Building a Business-to-business Relationship, journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 13, no. 4/5, 1998, pp. 393-4 05.Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J., Contemporary Marketing Practices of Consumer and Business-to-business Firms How Different Are They?, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 16, no. 5, 2001, pp. 382-400.Elliot, G., Rundle-Thiele, S., Waller, D., Paladino, A., Pride, W. and Ferrell, O., 2008, Marketing Core Concepts and Applications, 2nd Asia-Pacific edn, John Wiley Sons Australia Ltd., Queensland, Australia.Hallen, L., Johanson, J. and Seyed-Mohamed, N., 1991, Interfirm Adaptation in Business Relationships, Journal of Marketing, vol. 55, April, pp. 29-37, cited in Brennan, S., Turnbull, P.W. and Wilson, D.T., Dyadic Adaptation in Business-to-business Markets, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 37, no. 11/12, 2003, pp. 1636-1665.Hakansson, H., Johanson, J. and Wootz, B., 1976, Influence Tactics in Buyer-seller Processes, Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 5, December, pp. 319-32, cited in Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing What is subst antial to the Practitioner?, Marketing countersign Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510.Jobber, D., 2007, Principles and Practice of Marketing, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill Education, London.Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Saunders, S. and Wong, V., 2001, Principles of Marketing, 3rd edn, McGraw Hill, New York, NY, cited in Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510.Kotler, P., Ang, S.H., Leong, S.M. and Tan, C.T., 2003, Marketing Management an Asian Perspective, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Singapore.Kotler, P. and Keller, K.L., 2009, Marketing Management, 13th edn, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey.9Lilien, G.L., 1987, Business Marketing Present and Future, Industrial Marketing and Purchasing, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 3-21, cited in Coviello, N.E. and Brodie, R.J., Contemporary Marketing Practices of Consumer and Business-to-business Firms How Different Are They?, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 16, no. 5, 2001, pp. 382-400.Mathe, H. and Shapiro, R.D., 1993, Integrating Service Strategy in the Manufacturing Company, Chapman Hall, London, cited in Gebauer, H., Wang, C.Z., Beckenbauer, B. and Krempl, R., Business-to-business Marketing as a Key Factor for Increasing Service Revenue in China, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 22, no. 2, 2007, pp. 126-137.McDaniel, C., Lamb, Jr., C.W. and Hair, Jr., J.F., 2006, Introduction to Marketing, eighth edn, Thomson South-Western, Ohio.Pels, J., Brodie, R. J. and Johnston, W.J., 2004, Benchmarking Business-to-business Marketing Practices in Emerging and Developed Economies Argentina Compared to the USA and New Zealand, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 19, no. 6, 2004, pp. 386-396.Polese, F., 2004, Lintegrazione Sistemica Degli Aggregate Reticolari di Impresa, CEDAM, Padova, cited in Gummesson, E. and Polese, F., B2B is Not An Island, Journal of Business Indust rial Marketing, vol. 24, no. 5/6, 2009, pp. 337-350.Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510.Simkin, L., 2000, Marketing is Marketing Maybe, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 154-8, cited in Reed, G., Story, V. and Saker, J., Business-to-business Marketing What is Important to the Practitioner?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, vol. 22, no. 5, 2004, pp. 501-510.Vrontis, D. and Vronti, P., 2004, Levi Strauss An International Marketing Investigation, Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 389-98, cited in Levis Adaptable Standards, Strategic Direction, vol. 21, no.6, 2005, pp. 14-15.1011

The Merchant of Venice

The Merchant of VeniceIn the bump The Merchant of Venice written by William Shakespeare, the character usurer is a Jewish specie lender who lives in a ghetto with his female child Jessica. He strongly believes in his religion and macrocosm a silver lender makes him unpopular among the Christian biotic community. He was seen oft as a villain to the Elizabethan sense of hearing the priming being Jews were thought to be a lower class to the Christians. The Venetian Jews had to live in a ghetto, which would be located out slope of the main city with gates that would be locked at the certain time and had to wear an head of clo liaison to identify that you were a Jew. The recent audiences acquire more fellow feeling for the character and loan shark may crosswise as a dupe as well as a villain. According to the Collins Pocket Dictionary the definition of villain is a wicked person and a victim is a person or thing harmed or killed.The character of moneylender could be interp reted as both a victim and a villain. As moneylender is a Jew and this would cause him to be treated badly by the Christians. In the Elizabethan times the Venetian Jews were thought of as inferior to the Christians. He is called The scoundrel Jew and The Dog Jew throughout the play. The Merchant of Venice is rough loan shark who is a Jewish money lender. His daughter Jessica runs away with a Christian which is a religion that loan shark deeply despises. Shylock seeks a pound of flesh from Antonio who is futile to pay back the debt from the draw to be aimher due to his ships being lost in the sea. Due to the justice and Antonio being defended and as a result of following the adherence through to the end Shylock is forced to give up his religion and money.Shylock lets across as cunning to the audience while deciding whether or non to make the bond between him and Antonio. Three thousand ducats well for three months, well. The repetition of the word well sounds like he is t hinking of a plan and taking advantage of the situation he is in. The man is, nonwithstanding, sufficient. Three thousand ducats I think I may take his bond. By Shylock accepting the bond he comes across as having a plan ready to pass away r in timege on the people that have disgraced him. The way he is speaking sounds like he is plotting an idea in his head to think of a bond that will make the most out of this opportunity.Shylock is again analysing the situation and turning it into a scenario that would greatly benefit him. If I tooshie assure him once upon the hip I corporation feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him. To feed fat means to startle the most out of the situation and ancient grudge fork outs that his hatred is non only personal but has years of history attached. He has been mistreated for m some(prenominal) years by the Christians and he is using this bond as a chance to get penalize for all of the hatred he has built up. Shylock is fashioning the most out of the current situation and making sure he can get a chance for revenge. It shows just how far Shylock would go to get revenge and it can come across as if he is living to get revenge on the Christians.Shylock is not charging interest for the bond but instead he insists that he gets a pound of flesh if Antonio is unable to pay the bond back in three months. Let the drop out be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me. This shows Shylock is a horrible man who is driven by revenge rather than money. The pleaseth means Shylock is choosing where he is able to cut the flesh from and he is likely to charter part of the flesh which is going to cause the most amount of damage to Antonio. This makes the audience see Shylock as a villain who is driven by revenge and will try to make the punishment as harsh as possible for Antonio. He also states, A pound of mans flesh, taken from a man, is not so profitable as flesh of mu ttons, beefs or goats. Shylock is admitting that gaining a pound of flesh would not be of much value to him and he would not be able to gain a profit out of it. Shylock is being sly and doing his best to convince Antonio that he is not elicit in the flesh. Later on in the scene Shylock is referring to the bond as a merry bond which means that this is as a naughty doing his best to make Antonio accept the bond. To an Elizabethan and modern audience Shylock would come across as a villain trying the take the purport of a Christian. He is going to get revenge by any means and using it to fill his desires to pay back what the Christians have been doing to him for the past years.Shylock is also seen as a villain by his cause family. His daughter Jessica finds living in the same theater as Shylock in which she describes it as, Our house is hell. This is a metaphor comparing her home to hell which shows just how bad he is as a father for his own daughter Jessica to be give tongue to i t. Hell can be considered as torture and it shows that she is not acquiring treated fairly. It is a way of showing extreme unhappiness and a congeal that she does not find peaceful and enjoyable to be in. Shylock also tells her to keep herself locked up inside the house while he is not at home. Lock up the doors and when you hear the drum and the vile squealing of the wry-neckd fife, clamber not you up to the casements then, nor thrusts your head into the public street to gaze on Christian fools with varnishd faces. He is encouraging Jessica to be isolated from the world because of what has happened to him. He is not showing any trust or faith in his daughter because he is encouraging her to lock all the doors and windows stopping her from coming in contact with any Christians. He is showing his hatred for Christians by not wanting her to get close to them and at the same time is also being prejudiced. She is being imprisoned in her own home and at the same time Shylock is controll ing what actions she is allowed and not allowed to do. He is being over-protective about the well being of his own daughter.Jessica says that she is ashamed to be related to her own father. Alack, what heinous sin is it in me, to be ashamd to be my fathers child But although I am a daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners. Jessica is embarrassed to be Shylocks daughter which makes him attend like a villain. He is treating his daughter so poorly to the point that she does not want to be his daughter anymore. To say she is ashamd shows just how humiliated she is by her father and does not want to be associated with him as his family. Jessica also says to Lorenzo, O Lorenzo If thou keep promise, I shall end this strife Become a Christian, and thy sweet wife. Jessica saying this shows that she is desperate to escape her current life with her father and live an enjoyable life with someone she loves whilst having the freedom to do as she chooses. Jessica saying this can imply that Shylock is treating his daughter ferally and doing not choosing what is best for her. She wants to live a life without her father shows how overbearing it must be for her to be controlled on how to live and what to do every day. She is also willing to change religions and become a Christian. She is desperate to leave the house and will do anything she can to escape, even if it means changing what she has been brought up in for her whole life. Jessica is also uncomfortable and humiliated by Shylocks actions which is shown by her saying, I am daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners is proof that she is ashamed to be his daughter and does not agree with the actions and opinions of her father. The Elizabethan audience would think of Shylock as a cruel character who mistreats his daughter so much that she wants to run away and leave home.When Shylock hears about his daughter running away with a Christian, he seems more concerned about the loss of his money rather than losing his only blood relative. My daughter O my ducats O my daughter Fled with a Christian O my Christian ducats . To an Elizabethan audience and Contemporary audience Shylock would come across as a villain for caring more about money than his own daughter. Shylock may come across as being money driven as he is more distraught about losing his money than anything else.Shylock will not be made to look weak in front of the Christians and on that pointfore will not listen to Antonio. He is determined to get his revenge and reassure Antonio there will be no mercy for him. Ill not be made a soft and dull-eyed fool, to shake the head, relent, and sigh, and fork over to Christian intercessors. This is showing his hatred for the Christians once again. Shylock is worried that if he listens to Antonio his mind will soften and he will be persuaded. It will show weakness in the way that he is acting. Shylock cleverly uses the insults he has been given to the Christians to his advantage. He is accusing Antonio of calling him a chamfer without any reason. Since he was called a dog he has a right to be able to behave like one now that he has a chance to. guanine calldst me a dog before thou hadst a cause, But since I am a dog, beware my fangs. This shows that Shylock is badly treated by Antonio, Christians and shows that there is a strong prejudice against the Jews. Shylock is being cunning by using the Christian insults against them. He is taking the most savage of a dog and saying if he is a dog in every other way, then he has fangs and can be equally as savage.Shylock is obsess with getting his revenge on Antonio and the Christians and his determination to go through with the bond is shown in the scene of the trial. Instead of taking three times the amount of money offered in the bond Shylock insists to go through with the bond. If every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them I would have my bond. This shows us that Shylo ck is focused on getting revenge on the Christians. Earlier on in the play he showed that money was more important than his own daughter. Shylock thinks of getting revenge as more important than the money which shows how serious he is with the bond and that he is unlikely to change his mind on going through with what the bond says. He has no mercy turning down that much money and he will have his way no matter what, even if a large amount of money is offered to him. The Elizabethan and a Contemporary audience would find him extremely cruel and a character that has no feelings for others.Shylock acknowledges the fact that a pound of flesh is worthless and will not have as much value as getting the bond paid back to him with interest. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. It goes to show how much Shylock is driven by revenge and the lengths that he will go to get what he desires. stock-still though money is the most important thing to him, it just shows how much he d esires to get revenge on the Christians since he rejected money for a chance of revenge. It just shows how passionate he is about getting his pound of flesh. It will feed my revenge shows us that he is not doing this bond for the money but instead he is going to do to Antonio what he has been receiving for years and that will fulfil his desire to retaliate against the Christians.In the court of justice, Portia asks Shylock whether there are balances ready to weigh the flesh. Shylock has them already prepared to weigh the flesh from Antonio. I have them ready. Shylock having the scales all ready to weigh out the pound of flesh, it shows the thirst he has for getting revenge by coming prepared but can also prove that he has been hoping for this situation to happen as he had planned it.Jessica runs off with a Christian and he has also had his money stolen. I have a father, you a daughter lost. Shylock has lost the only blood relative that he has go forth. Coming from his daughter mus t be a shock to him and also a great loss. Shylock is blamed for Jessica running away but she never gets blamed for stealing his money or running away from home. Instead Shylock is blamed again for something that was not necessarily his fault. Shylock considered Jessica to be his daughter and bonded by having the same flesh and blood. I say, my daughter is my flesh and blood. This implies that Shylock had always considered Jessica to be part of his family. By Jessica running away and disowning him as a father, Shylock had lost all his family related to him by blood. Jessica is the only family that Shylock has who is still alive. By her abandoning Shylock it shows there is no one left who he can call family. A modern audience will pity him for losing his only family and being abandoned just for trying to ensure the refuge of his daughter. He is also upset when he hears the only belonging which he has left of his wife Leah, a jade ring has been given to a wild of monkeys. The audienc e can see that she has emotions like a regular person and is not necessarily the cruel person we perceive him to be throughout the play.Shylock has no sympathy for Antonio due to the reason he has been treated by him in the past. Shylock is only treating Antonio how he got treated in the past. .He hath disgraced me and whats his reason? I am a Jew. This is further evidence that Shylock is being mistreated for his religion and being hated without people getting to know him first. This makes the modern audience feel sorry for Shylocks character and therefore he can come across as a victim for simply being judged on his religion.Shylock feels that Christian and Jews are equal and are just as important as each other. Hath not a Jew eyes? do we not die?. Shylock is making a speech in act two scene three making a passionate speech declaring that it does not matter if you are Jewish or a Christian people are still the same. You both die and you both have eyes to see. This brings across t he message that everyone is the same and that just because you believe in a certain religion does not change your status or how you should be viewed and treated. Shylock is getting his point across to the audience that everyone is equal and therefore should be treated with the same amount of respect. By the end of the speech he changed from a victim to a villain who is determined to get revenge. Why revenge. The villainy you teach me, I will execute, and it shall go hard but I will break down the instruction. He is showing his true colours and that he will not be easily convinced to spare Antonios life. He is following the example of the Christians and expectant them the same attitude as he was given to them in the past.In the court act four, the Duke is showing sympathy for Antonio by saying I am sorry for thee. Thou art come to answer a stony adversary, an inhuman wretch, incapable of pity, void and empty from any dram of mercy. Shylock can be seen as getting victimised as he ha s no way to defend himself since he is getting mistreated from when he enters the court. He did not have a chance of getting judged fairly and as a result it would lead to Shylock being seen as the one whom is revenge driven. Since the absolute majority of the people in court are Christians they would side with Antonio making Shylock victimised by being alone and having no one to defend his side of the argument. Shylock is being lowered to the lowest someone who is not human and a person who in unable to feel any emotions. He is unable to feel sympathy for Antonio since he is going to follow his bond through. Shylock is being described as a person who is unable to feel any emotions, and as a result is not feeling any sympathy for Antonio. An Elizabethan Audience will find Shylock a victim as he is refusing to give up on the bond and is willing to follow it through to the end. However a modern audience may have sympathy for Shylock character. He is unable to defend himself against t he Dukes words, and is therefore a victim.Antonio punishes Shylock by making him become a Christian and giving half of his mass to Antonio and the other half to his daughter. He is forced to give up everything that is important to him and which keeps him going in everyday life. Nay, take my life and all pardon not that You take my house when you do take the uphold that doth sustain my house you take my life when you do take the means whereby I live. Shylock is devastated by losing his religion and his fortune the two things which he cherishes the most. It shows just how important those things are two him when he is willing to take his life Nay, take my life and all. He is willing to lose his life as a result of losing everything he greatly values in life. You take my house when you do take the prop that doth sustain my house is a sign of how religion and money keep him going in his everyday life. A house is supported by a foundation, and when he says you do take the prop is meani ng that the foundation of his life is being taken away from him. He can be seen as being a victim since he is being stripped of everything that is important to him and is being forced to become a Christian even though everyone else knows how much he hates them. Shylock would be hated by the Christians when he becomes ones but at the same time he would not be allowed to be with the Jewish community anymore. As a result, it would lead to him outcast in both of the communities. He would have no friends and therefore be isolated for the rest of his life.In conclusion Shylock can be seen as both a villain and a victim. He is driven by revenge and plots his way when he plans to come up with a way to take out his hatred for the Christians that has build up over the years. On the other hand, Shylock may also come across as being victimised. He is constantly being mistreated because of his religion being called a dog and many other insulting words. As a result of the religion he is not like d by the Christian society and may never been seen as someone who is equal to them. Even though Shylock is viewed as both a victim and a villain he has stronger evidence as coming across as a villain since he seems driven with revenge more than anything.

Essay --

Patricia WangMrs. PagtakhanJunior English10 March 2014 A Reflection of Ones CharacterThe American Dream is an ideal vision many people strive for, promising happiness, prosperity, and success. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness is the foundation of American society, presenting a unreasonable perception that everyone can achieve the American Dream. Although people assume that the Dream comes with an equal opportunity for all, ones success is undoubtedly tied to a material component. The rich and powerful ar born into affluence while the farmers and industrial fixers can only long for it. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald portrays Tom Buchanans arrogance and fear of change and Jay Gatsbys obsession with getting Daisy through their homes, revealing Gatsbys inability to reach his vision of the American Dream. Tom Buchanans home reveals his arrogance and fear of change, as he has already reached the American Dream. Toms Georgian Colonial mansion overlooking the bay parallels his alternatively hard mouth and supercilious manner (11). Located on East Egg, Toms house displays the old-fashioned, traditional East where the richest families retain their wealth through family lineage instead of personal gain in the West. The United States originated and expanded from the east coast westward, symbolizing East Egg as the foundation of significant money and wealth, while West Egg as money earned through ambition and hard work. Built on the top of the hill, Toms home overlooks the entire bay, reminding himself and others that he is above everyone. This ultimately leads to his haughty character, as he is a careless person mashing up things and creatures and then retreating back into his money or his vast carelessness (... ...e American Dream. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald parallels Jay Gatsbys home with his longing for the American Dream and Tom Buchanans home with his supercilious personality as a result of his excessive wealth. Toms directly inherited wealt h and Gatsbys self-earned money reveal that ones primer or environment ultimately determines whether or not the Dream is attainable. Gatsbys endless struggle portrays the misconception that the American Dream is achievable through hard work and determination, regardless of social class or material wealth. The harsh reality is that wealth and power are the true factors that lead to success and happiness those who are not born into this environment can never achieve their ideal vision. The desire for perfection undermines the true American society as people ceaselessly strive for the illusion of the American Dream.

Stradivarius: Unsurpassed Artisan or Just Lucky? :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Stradivarius Unsurpassed Artisan or Just Lucky?There are about seven hundred Stradivarius violins still built-in from the 17th century, and they are among the most sought-after instruments in the world (3). Most, if not all, of the greatest violinists of modern times believe that there is something in the Cremonese violins that provides superior fresh quality to all other violins. Skilled violinists can even distinguish between different qualities in the sound produced by individual Stradivarius violins. The challenge for scientists is to characterise such differences by physical measurements. In practice, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between a Stradivarius instrument and a modern copy on the earth of measured responses because the ear is a supreme detection device and the brain is a far more sophisticated analyzer of complex sounds than any dodge yet developed to assess musical quality. There have been many theories as to why Stradivarius violins produce such legend ary brilliance and resonance, none providing a conclusive answer.To understand the factors that affect the quality of sound produced by violins, the functioning of the violin must be understood. First of all, sound is produced by drawing a bow across one or more of the four stretched strings, but the strings themselves produce almost no sound. The energy from the vibrating string is transferred to the sound box, which is the important body of the violin. The bridge, which supports the strings, acts as a mechanical transformer it converts the transverse forces of the strings into the vibrational modes of the sound box (4). The bridge itself also has resonant modes, playing a subprogram in the overall tone. The front plate of the violin is expertly carved with f-holes which boost the sound output at low frequencies, through the Helmholtz send resonance. The Helmholtz air resonance describes the action of the air bouncing backwards and forwards through the f-holes (1). Then, front a nd back plates are skillfully carved to get the right arcdegree of arching and variation in thickness. Even the tiniest changes in the thickness of the plates and the smallest variations in the properties of the wood will significantly affect the specific resonance in the relative frequency range (1).There are many theories as to the secret of Stradivarius violins. Of course what was obviously first explored was the exact size of the violins and ratio of the parts of the violin to each(prenominal) other. It was proposed

Castles Essay -- essays research papers fc

The castle, a strong rock structure, which invokes images of kings and knights, dragons and princesses, is such an integral part of medieval history. One cannot think history without thinking about the towering structures of stone that dominated the green landscapes of the past. These stone monoliths served many purposes buildings of government, defense, symbols of power, and homes. Just as it has varied purposes, the castles diverse and interesting history, from tiny wooden structures to the behemoth structures of rock and mortar that we harmonise with the word Castle.The castles development cannot be pinpointed to a particular year or location, though the first castle is widely accepted as being Dou-la-Fontaine and Langeais in the Loire Valley of France. Both these castles were originally stone fortifications that served as homes to local warring Counts. As time went on and their feuding got more violent, their homes got more impressive, apiece count adding levels and stones to their homes. This one-upmanship continued until, at some point, the homes became what is considered the first castle, the motte and bailey.The Motte and Bailey Castles started out simple, normally just wooden buildings, which relied on natural defenses such as rivers or hills to hamper attacks. Oft times rivers were even diverted to add extra protection, and as a steady water supply in the event of a siege. still always somebody had to do better soon they were adding mounds, banks ditches, and whatever else would trip up invaders. Earthworks, as they were called, could be mounds, also called mottes, or hollow circles of dirt, called ringworks. In the shimmy of a motte, a wooden tower usually topped it while a ringwork enclosed structures protected by a wooden palisade, or fence. Nonetheless, in each instance, earth was dug from the perimeter, leaving a ditch, which further impeded attackers. Eventually these two types of earthworks were combined into one castle, the traditional Motte and Bailey. Baileys being a prominent level area surrounded by a ringwork, with a Motte connecting. The bailey often contained a hall, buildings for livestock, a forge and armory, and a chapel. The Motte and Bailey castles were also very quick and on the loose(p) to construct, and provided a look-out post, in addition to, ad... ... proceeded at a more leisurely pace, becoming more of a hobby than a necessity. However, there were times when a castle or two discouraged an invading force or to quell a rebellious population. These changes in society gradually led to the regrets of the castle as an institution. Where castles had once served an important position as a fortress, city hall, and home, these functions were now being better served by other buildings at rock-bottom costs. Nobles tired of playing the my castle is bigger game and searched elsewhere for more comfortable homes. And forts manned by professional soldiers assimilated the duty of defending areas. Luckily, so me castles remained, fortune as a centre for local administration or as prisons long after they had ceased being cool. Some castles were upgraded into opulent palaces, but this cost a boatload, and it was oft cheaper just to build a new home, often cannibalizing the old castles for building material.BibliographyBradbury, Jim. The Medieval Siege. The Boydell Press. Woodbridge, 1992.Brown, R. Allen. The Architecture of Castles A Visual Guide. Facts On File Publications. radical York, 1984.Steele, Philip. Castles. Kingfisher. New York, 1995.

Role Playing and Control in A Doll’s House Essay -- Dolls House essays

This essay will explore the issue of roles, or game playing, in A Dolls House. This concept is one key to approaching the play, and particularly Noras role. Let me further make the observation that one crucial cistron in the roles Nora plays is that she needs to be in check out, to take the lead role, as it were, employ other people either as supporting actors or reference and that she writes her own script.This notion helps me to deal with a question which frequently arises here How can one woman make so some unexpected transitions? How is it realistic for the child-wife to play the adult female tease (with Dr. Rank), the capable determined businesswoman (in her secret dealings with the debt), the frantically desperate woman thinking of suicide, and, above all, the coldly single-handed mature woman at the conclusion of the play? Well, one common feature these manifestations of Noras character all suffer is that they enable her to control others, to assert herself without in truth attending to, listening carefully to, learning from, or acting on what other people say.Consider for a moment why Nora would not have told Torvald long ago about the debt. The reason she gives is interesting she doesnt need to at this point in her life--shes young enough and pretty enough to exert her control over him in other ways (and telling about the debt would shatter her image as the clueless but sexy child-wife). However, she is looking forward to using that event in the future, when she can no longer rely upon her looks. How exactly this would help restore his affections may not be clear, but there is for certain a sense that Nora hopes it will make her more important to him. The fact that Nora thinks of her relationship with Torvald in ... ...d she did it (society be damned). Moreover, the hard disciplined work over many years necessary to repay the loan is a tribute to Noras determination and skill in carrying out her own project, all the while sustaining her own coupling in quite another role.This quality lies at the heart of Noras heroic character. Her confidence in herself, in her abilities to control the situation, to solve the problem, has led to her success and has confirmed, in her eyes, that she is right. She flouted societys laws, worked hard, and is now about to reap the success of that action by handing over the final payment. It has not been easy, and there are times when a certain tension shows through (as in that mention of the word Damn), but theres no sense that Nora feels that she has been compelled to act in this way, that she has not freely chosen to be the psyche she is.